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Photo annotation: a survey

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Abstract

Due to the large number of photos that are currently being generated, it is very important to have techniques to organize, search for, and retrieve such images. Photo annotation plays a key role in these mechanisms because it can link raw data (photos) to specific information that is essential for human beings to handle large amounts of content. However, the generation of photo annotation is still a difficult problem to solve as part of a well-known challenge called the semantic gap. In this paper, a literature review was conducted with the aim of investigating the most popular methods employed to produce photo annotations. Based on the papers surveyed, we identified that People (“Who?”), Location (“Where?”), and Event (“Where? When?”) are the most important features of photo annotation. We also established comparisons between similar photo annotation methods, highlighting key aspects of the most commonly used approaches. Moreover, we provide an overview of a general photo annotation process and present the main aspects of photo annotation representation comprising formats, context of usage, advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we discuss ways to improve photo annotation methods and present some future research guidelines.

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Notes

  1. https://instagram.com/press/

  2. https://googleblog.blogspot.com.br/2015/10/11-things-to-know-about-google-photos.html

  3. http://dublincore.org

  4. http://www.exif.org

  5. http://id3.org

  6. https://iptc.org

  7. http://www.adobe.com/products/xmp.html

  8. See http://www.image-net.org/

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Information Systems Laboratory, University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Brazil

    Davi Oliveira Serrano de Andrade & Cláudio de Souza Baptista

  2. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil

    Luis Fernando Maia

  3. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraiba, Esperança, Brazil

    Hugo Feitosa de Figueirêdo

  4. Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil

    Windson Viana & Fernando Trinta

Authors
  1. Davi Oliveira Serrano de Andrade
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  2. Luis Fernando Maia
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  3. Hugo Feitosa de Figueirêdo
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  4. Windson Viana
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  5. Fernando Trinta
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  6. Cláudio de Souza Baptista
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Davi Oliveira Serrano de Andrade.

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de Andrade, D.O.S., Maia, L.F., de Figueirêdo, H.F. et al. Photo annotation: a survey. Multimed Tools Appl 77, 423–457 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-4281-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-4281-6

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