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Reversible watermarking algorithm of vector maps based on ECC

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Abstract

Robustness of current watermarking schemes of vector maps is mainly dependent on algorithms of watermark embedding and extraction, while few works have been done focusing on error correction algorithms after watermark extraction. In this paper, a reversible watermarking scheme is proposed for vector maps based on error correction codes (ECC). Original copyright information is firstly expressed by a binary array (copyright watermark data), for which ECC are then generated exploiting XOR operation. Then, the copyright watermark data and its corresponding ECC are merged to compose the final watermark data. To enhance the robustness of this scheme under geometric transformation, watermarks are embedded into polar coordinates of map vertices. After watermark extraction, this scheme can not only obtain the original copyright information, but also recover the original map content accurately. Both theoretical analysis and comprehensive experimental results validate the reversibility, invisibility, capacity and robustness of the proposed watermarking scheme.

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Acknowledgements

This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41171343), and the Special Project for Talents Introduction of Anhui Science and Technology University (Grant No. ZRC2014396).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China

    Yinguo Qiu, Hehe Gu & Jiuyun Sun

  2. College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, 233100, China

    Yinguo Qiu

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  1. Yinguo Qiu
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  2. Hehe Gu
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  3. Jiuyun Sun
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Correspondence to Hehe Gu.

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Qiu, Y., Gu, H. & Sun, J. Reversible watermarking algorithm of vector maps based on ECC. Multimed Tools Appl 77, 23651–23672 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-5680-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-5680-7

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