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Reversible watermarking based on multi-dimensional prediction-error expansion

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Abstract

The reversible watermarking algorithm has been extensively studied in the field of information security in recent years, and prediction-error expansion (PEE) is a widely used technology for reversible watermarking embedding. Ou et al. (IEEE Trans Image Process 22(12):5010–5021, 2013) proposed a two-dimensional histogram shifting method to extend the conventional method, which yields better performance. This paper further expands the two-dimensional histogram shifting method, proposes a reversible watermarking algorithm based on multi-dimensional PEE and reduces the distortion by abandoning the embedding mappings with high distortion. The experimental result shows that the multi-dimensional PEE method can achieve relatively higher Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) at the same embedding rate. In addition, it also proves that, the multi-dimensional PEE algorithm only needs to consider the simplest case of the embedding distortion threshold, and it is more suitable for images with simple and smooth texture.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFB0800601) and the Key Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province (Grant No. 2017ZDXM-GY-014). This work is supported by the Key Program of NSFC-Tongyong Union Foundation under Grant U1636209.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China

    Xiang Yu, Xiang Wang & Qingqi Pei

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  1. Xiang Yu
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  2. Xiang Wang
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  3. Qingqi Pei
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Correspondence to Xiang Yu.

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Yu, X., Wang, X. & Pei, Q. Reversible watermarking based on multi-dimensional prediction-error expansion. Multimed Tools Appl 77, 18085–18104 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-5794-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-5794-y

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