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Generalizing Hamming+k data hiding by overlapped pixels

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Abstract

Matrix coding based data hiding (MCDH) using linear codes (syndrome coding) is an efficient coding method for steganographic schemes to improve their embedding efficiency. Hamming code data hiding (HDH) is a well-known MCDH using a covering function COV (1, n = 2k − 1, k). Afterwards, Hamming+ 1 DH (H1DH) was proposed with good embedding efficiency. However, these two previous approaches, HDH and H1DH, are not efficient for a large amount of messages. To tackle this problem, Yang et al.’s proposed Hamming+ k DH (Hk DH), which enhance the extra one embedded bit in H1DH to k embedded bits in the Hk DH. In this paper, we extended the Hk DH to the Hamming+ k with m overlapped pixels (Hk_mDH). The proposed Hk_mDH adopted pixel overlapping approach, optimal pixel adjustment process (OPAP), and Least Significant Bit (LSB) substitution. Experimental results demonstrate that our Hk_mDH has better embedding rate (ER) compared with previous schemes. In addition, we have proved that our Hk_mDH has excellent theoretical estimation of average mean square error.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by (2015R1D1A1A01059253), and was supported under the framework of international cooperation program managed by NRF (2016K2A9A2A05005255). Also, it was supported in part by Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), under 105-2221-E-259-015-MY2.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Cheonshik Kim & Dongkyoo Shin

  2. Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan

    Ching-Nung Yang & Yung-Shun Chou

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  1. Cheonshik Kim
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  2. Dongkyoo Shin
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  3. Ching-Nung Yang
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  4. Yung-Shun Chou
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Correspondence to Cheonshik Kim or Dongkyoo Shin.

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A preliminary conference version of this paper appeared under the title “Capacity Enhancement of Hamming+k Data Hiding By Pixel Overlapping Approach,” in IEEE Proc. of 17th IEEE International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT 2017), Chengdu, China, 2017.

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Kim, C., Shin, D., Yang, CN. et al. Generalizing Hamming+k data hiding by overlapped pixels. Multimed Tools Appl 78, 17995–18015 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-7101-3

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