Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prediction mode based H.265/HEVC video watermarking resisting re-compression attack

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel compressed domain robust watermarking scheme which embeds watermark by altering the intra prediction modes of 4 × 4 intra prediction blocks of the most recent high-definition video standards H.265/HEVC. Due to different compression architecture and higher number of intra prediction mode, the existing intra prediction mode based watermarking strategies for previous video standards such as H.264/AVC are not robust when those are directly applied for H.265/HEVC. This proposed work overcomes this shortcoming by reducing the synchronization error of watermark after re-compression attack in two stage. First, a spatial texture analysis is done based on number of non-zero transform coefficients of embedding blocks. Then, suitable candidate blocks for watermark embedding are selected based on 4 × 4 intra luma PB’s sustainably and watermarked mode sustainability while maintaining visual quality and bit rate. In next stage, the robustness of the proposed method has been enhanced by grouping of intra prediction modes such a way that mode change due to re-compression can be closed within a group. Finally, each group is represented with two bits of watermark sequence and embedding have been done by altering prediction modes of selected 4 × 4 intra prediction block to the representative mode of the group denoted by the watermark bit pair. Experimental results on various test sequences show that the scheme is robust against re-compression with high QP values and robustness has been increased twice compared to existing intra prediction mode based watermarking schemes. Also, the proposed scheme has very low effect on the visual quality having least peak to signal ration of 28 dB for the watermarked test sequences and also has very similar bit increase rate compared to existing scheme.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Al-Sharif S, Iqbal F, Baker T, Khattack A (2016) White-hat hacking framework for promoting security awareness. In: 2016 8th IFIP international conference on new technologies, mobility and security (NTMS), pp 1–6, DOI https://doi.org/10.1109/NTMS.2016.7792489

  2. Asim M, Yautsiukhin A, Brucker AD, Baker T, Shi Q, Lempereur B (2018) Security policy monitoring of bpmn-based service compositions. J Softw-Evol Proc 30(9):e1944. https://doi.org/10.1002/smr.1944. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/smr.1944. E1944 JSME-17-0099.R2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Cox I, Miller M, Bloom J, Fridrich J, Kalker T (2007) Digital watermarking and steganography. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dutta T, Gupta HP (2017) An efficient framework for compressed domain watermarking in p frames of high-efficiency video coding (HEVC)–encoded video. ACM Trans Multimedia Comput Commun Appl 13(1):12:1–12:24. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3002178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. El-Shafai W, El-Rabaie S, El-Halawany MM, El-Samie FEA (2019) Security of 3d-hevc transmission based on fusion and watermarking techniques. Multimedia Tools and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-7448-0

  6. Feng G, Wu GZ (2011) Motion vector and mode selection based fragile video watermarking algorithm. In: 2011 IEEE international conference on anti-counterfeiting, security and identification (ASID), pp 73–76

  7. Gaj S, Patel AS, Sur A (2016) Object based watermarking for H. 264/AVC video resistant to rst attacks. Multimedia Tools and Applications 75(6):3053–3080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Gaj S, Kanetkar A, Sur A, Bora PK (2017) Drift-compensated robust watermarking algorithm for H.265/HEVC video stream. ACM Trans Multimedia Comput Commun Appl 13(1):11:1–11:24. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3009910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hartung F, Girod B (1998) Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video. Signal Process 66(3):283–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. HEVC software repository. https://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/

  11. Hu Y, Zhang C, Su Y (2007) Information hiding based on intra prediction modes for H.264/AVC. In: 2007 IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo, pp 1231–1234

  12. Joshi A, Jain V, Ladda S, Kumar R (2018) Real-time implementation of blind and robust watermarking for HEVC video coding. In: 2018 IEEE international symposium on smart electronic systems (iSES) (formerly inis), pp 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1109/iSES.2018.00022

  13. Karam Y, Baker T, Taleb-Bendiab A (2012) Security support for intention driven elastic cloud computing. In: 2012 Sixth UKSim/AMSS European symposium on computer modeling and simulation, pp 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2012.17

  14. Kim IK, Min J, Lee T, Han WJ, Park J (2012) Block partitioning structure in the HEVC standard. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 22(12):1697–1706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Lainema J, Bossen F, Han WJ, Min J, Ugur K (2012) Intra coding of the hevc standard. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 22(12):1792–1801

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Long M, Peng F, Li H (2018) Separable reversible data hiding and encryption for HEVC video. J Real-Time Image Pr 14(1):171–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11554-017-0727-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Mansouri A, Aznaveh A, Torkamani-Azar F, Kurugollu F (2010) A low complexity video watermarking in H.264 compressed domain. IEEE Trans Inf Foren Sec 5(4):649–657

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Noorkami M, Mersereau R (2007) A framework for robust watermarking of h.264-encoded video with controllable detection performance. IEEE Trans Inf Foren Sec 2(1):14–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ohm J, Sullivan G, Schwarz H, Tan TK, Wiegand T (2012) Comparison of the coding efficiency of video coding standards x2014;including high efficiency video coding (HEVC). IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 22(12):1669–1684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Richardson IE (2010) The H.264 advanced video compression standard, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  21. Sheikh HR, Bovik AC (2006) Image information and visual quality. IEEE Trans Image Process 15(2):430–444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Song X, Lian S, Hu W, Hu Y (2014) Digital video watermarking based on intra prediction modes for audio video coding standard. Multimedia Systems 20 (2):195–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Sullivan G, Ohm J, Han WJ, Wiegand T (2012) Overview of the high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 22 (12):1649–1668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Swati S, Hayat K, Shahid Z (2014) A watermarking scheme for high efficiency video coding (HEVC). PLOS One 9(8):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Tariq N, Asim M, Al-Obeidat F, Zubair Farooqi M, Baker T, Hammoudeh M, Ghafir I (2019) The security of big data in fog-enabled IoT applications including blockchain: a survey. Sensors 19(8). https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/8/1788

  26. Video quality measurement tool (2013). http://mmspg.epfl.ch/vqmt

  27. Wang Z, Bovik AC, Sheikh HR, Simoncelli EP (2004) Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans Image Process 13 (4):600–612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Wang J, Rangding W, Wei L, Dawen X, Meiling H (2014) A large-capacity information hiding method for HEVC video. International Conference on Computer Science and Service System (CSSS)

  29. Wiegand T, Sullivan G, Bjontegaard G, Luthra A (2003) Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 13 (7):560–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Yan C, Zhang Y, Xu J, Dai F, Li L, Dai Q, Wu F (2014) A highly parallel framework for HEVC coding unit partitioning tree decision on many-core processors. IEEE Signal Process Lett 21(5):573–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Yan C, Zhang Y, Xu J, Dai F, Zhang J, Dai Q, Wu F (2014) Efficient parallel framework for hevc motion estimation on many-core processors. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 24(12):2077–2089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Yang G, Li J, He Y, Kang Z (2011) An information hiding algorithm based on intra-prediction modes and matrix coding for H.264/AVC video stream. {AEU}, - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 65(4):331–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Zou D, Bloom J (2008) H.264/AVC stream replacement technique for video watermarking. In: IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing, 2008. ICASSP 2008, pp 1749–1752

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Multimedia Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India

    Sibaji Gaj & Arijit Sur

  2. Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India

    Prabin Kumar Bora

Authors
  1. Sibaji Gaj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Arijit Sur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Prabin Kumar Bora
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sibaji Gaj.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gaj, S., Sur, A. & Bora, P.K. Prediction mode based H.265/HEVC video watermarking resisting re-compression attack. Multimed Tools Appl 79, 18089–18119 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-08301-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-08301-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation