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A survey of security threats and defense on Blockchain

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Abstract

Blockchain provides a trusted environment for storing information and propagating transactions. Owing to the distributed property and integrity, blockchain has been employed in various domains. However, lots of studies prove that the security mechanism of blockchain exposes its vulnerability especially when the blockchain suffers attacks. This work provides a systematic summary of the security threats and countermeasures on blockchain. We first review the working procedure and its implementation techniques. We then summarize basic security properties of blockchain. From the view of the blockchain’s architecture, we describe security threats of blockchain, including weak anonymity, vulnerability of P2P network, consensus mechanism, incentive mechanism and smart contract. We then describe the related attacks and summarize the current representative countermeasures which improve anonymity and robustness against security threats respectively. Finally, we also put forward future research directions on consensus, incentive mechanisms, privacy preservation and encryption algorithm to further enhance security and privacy of the blockchain-based multimedia.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 2019RC041 and 2019RC098); National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61762033).

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  1. School of Compute Science and Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China

    Jieren Cheng, Luyi Xie & Xiangyan Tang

  2. Hainan blockchain technology engineering research center, Haikou, 570228, China

    Jieren Cheng

  3. College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People’s Republic of China

    Xiangyan Tang

  4. Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Northeastern State University, Tahlequah, OK, USA

    Naixue Xiong

  5. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China

    Boyi Liu

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Cheng, J., Xie, L., Tang, X. et al. A survey of security threats and defense on Blockchain. Multimed Tools Appl 80, 30623–30652 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09368-6

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