Skip to main content
Log in

Classification of cardiac arrhythmias using Zhao-Atlas-Marks time-frequency distribution

  • 1155T: Advanced machine learning algorithms for biomedical data and imaging
  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The major function of heart is to pump blood to tissues and organs necessary for the body metabolism. It is therefore one of the organs that affects human life. However, adverse situations, such as paralysis and death are the major problems that can lead to a heart failure. Healthy heart is very important to live comfortably. To prevent adverse events, it is important to monitor and detect heart diseases early. The aim of proposed method is to determine and classify nine types of ECG arrhythmias, including normal beats. A large feature set was obtained from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database. Zhao Atlas-Mark time-frequency distribution was used to extract the feature set. Five classification algorithms have been tried. The Cubic Support Vector Machine algorithm yielded best performance results. The proposed method achieved accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F-score, positive predictive, and negative predictive values of 96.39%, 94.22%, 92.02%, 93.91%, 93.90% and 96.72%, respectively. Considering the data size, performance values, and number of arrythmias, the proposed method provided superiority to other studies. Furthermore, running time is suitable for telemedicine systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abdalla FY, Wu L, Ullah H, Ren G, Noor A, Zhao Y (2019) ECG arrhythmia classification using artificial intelligence and nonlinear and nonstationary decomposition. SIViP 13(7):1283–1291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Acharya UR, Oh SL, Hagiwara Y, Tan JH, Adam M, Gertych A, San Tan R (2017) A deep convolutional neural network model to classify heartbeats. Comput Biol Med 89:389–396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Akdeniz F, Kayikçioğlu İ, Kaya İ, Kayikçioğlu T (2016) Using Wigner-Ville distribution in ECG arrhythmia detection for telemedicine applications. In: 2016 39th international conference on telecommunications and signal processing (TSP), pp. 409-412. IEEE.

  4. Alqudah AM, Albadarneh A, Abu-Qasmieh I, Alquran H (2019) Developing of robust and high accurate ECG beat classification by combining Gaussian mixtures and wavelets features. Austr phys eng sci med 42(1):149–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Amorim P, Moraes T, Fazanaro D, Silva J, Pedrini H (2018) Shearlet and contourlet transforms for analysis of electrocardiogram signals. Comput Methods Prog Biomed 161:125–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Bastiaans MJ, Alieva T, Stankovic L (2002) On rotated time-frequency kernels. IEEE Signal Process Lett 9(11):378–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Benali R, Reguig FB, Slimane ZH (2012) Automatic classification of heartbeats using wavelet neural network. J Med Syst 36(2):883–892

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Chiu CY, Verma B (2013). Relationship between data size, accuracy, diversity and clusters in neural network ensembles. International journal of computational intelligence and applications, 12(04), 1340005.][

  9. Dalvi RF, Zago G, Andreão RV (2017) Heartbeat classification system based on neural networks and dimensionality reduction. Res Biomed Eng 32:318–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. De Capua C, Meduri A, Morello R (2010) A smart ECG measurement system based on web-service-oriented architecture for telemedicine applications. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 59(10):2530–2538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. El-Rahman SA (2019) Biometric human recognition system based on ECG. Multimed Tools Appl 78(13):17555–17572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Engin M (2004) ECG beat classification using neuro-fuzzy network. Pattern Recogn Lett 25(15):1715–1722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Guo Z, Durand LG, Lee HC (1994) The time-frequency distributions of nonstationary signals based on a Bessel kernel. IEEE Trans Signal Process 42(7):1700–1707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hadjidimitriou SK, Hadjileontiadis LJ (2013) EEG-based classification of music appraisal responses using time-frequency analysis and familiarity ratings. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 4(2):161–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hlawatsch F, Boudreaux-Bartels GF (1992) Linear and quadratic time-frequency signal representations. IEEE Signal Process Mag 9(2):21–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Hou B, Yang J, Wang P, Yan R (2019) LSTM-based auto-encoder model for ECG arrhythmias classification. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 69(4):1232–1240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. https://www.physionet.org/, Accessed 26 April 2018.

  18. Huang HF, Hu GS, Zhu L (2012) Sparse representation-based heartbeat classification using independent component analysis. J Med Syst 36(3):1235–1247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Hussein AF, Hashim SJ, Aziz AFA, Rokhani FZ, Adnan WAW (2018) Performance evaluation of time-frequency distributions for ECG signal analysis. J Med Syst 42(1):15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Karpagachelvi S, Arthanari M, Sivakumar M (2012) Classification of electrocardiogram signals with support vector machines and extreme learning machine. Neural Comput & Applic 21(6):1331–1339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Kiranyaz S, Ince T, Gabbouj M (2015) Real-time patient-specific ECG classification by 1-D convolutional neural networks. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 63(3):664–675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Krishnakumari A, Saravanan M, Venkatesan G, Jain S (2016) Application of Zhao-Atlas-Marks transforms in non-stationary bearing fault diagnosis. Proced Eng 144:297–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lin, C. C., Yang, C. M. (2014). Heartbeat classification using normalized RR intervals and wavelet features. In 2014 international symposium on computer, consumer and control (pp. 650-653). IEEE.

  24. Lin CC, Yang CM (2014). Heartbeat classification using normalized RR intervals and morphological features Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2014.

  25. Luz EJDS, Nunes TM, De Albuquerque VHC, Papa JP, Menotti D (2013) ECG arrhythmia classification based on optimum-path forest. Expert Syst Appl 40(9):3561–3573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Luz EJDS, Schwartz WR, Cámara-Chávez G, Menotti D (2016) ECG-based heartbeat classification for arrhythmia detection: A survey. Comput Methods Prog Biomed 127:144–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Mert A (2016) ECG feature extraction based on the bandwidth properties of variational mode decomposition. Physiol Meas 37(4):530–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Muthuvel K, Anto S, Alexander TJ (2019) GABC based neuro-fuzzy classifier with hybrid features for ECG beat classification. Multimed Tools Appl 78(24):35351–35372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Nascimento NMM, Marinho LB, Peixoto SA, do Vale Madeiro, J. P., de Albuquerque, V. H. C., & Rebouças Filho, P. P. (2020) Heart arrhythmia classification based on statistical moments and structural co-occurrence. Circuits Syst Signal Process 39(2):631–650

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Nurmaini S, Umi Partan R, Caesarendra W, Dewi T, Naufal Rahmatullah M, Darmawahyuni A, Bhayyu V, Firdaus F (2019) An automated ECG beat classification system using deep neural networks with an unsupervised feature extraction technique. Appl Sci 9(14):2921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Oh SL, Ng EY, San Tan R, Acharya UR (2018) Automated diagnosis of arrhythmia using combination of CNN and LSTM techniques with variable length heart beats. Comput Biol Med 102:278–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Pal M, Foody GM (2010) Feature selection for classification of hyperspectral data by SVM. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 48(5):2297–2307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Pan G, Xin Z, Shi S, Jin D (2018) Arrhythmia classification based on wavelet transformation and random forests. Multimed Tools Appl 77(17):21905–21922

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Park J, Kang M, Gao J, Kim Y, Kang K (2017) Cascade classification with adaptive feature extraction for arrhythmia detection. J Med Syst 41(1):11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Qurraie SS, Afkhami RG (2017) ECG arrhythmia classification using time frequency distribution techniques. Biomed Eng Lett 7(4):325–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Rai HM, Trivedi A, Shukla S (2013) ECG signal processing for abnormalities detection using multi-resolution wavelet transform and artificial neural network classifier. Measurement 46(9):3238–3246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Rajesh KN, Dhuli R (2017) Classification of ECG heartbeats using nonlinear decomposition methods and support vector machine. Comput Biol Med 87:271–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Rashkovska A, Tomašić I, Trobec R (2011) A telemedicine application: ECG data from wireless body sensors on a smartphone. In: 2011 proceedings of the 34th international convention MIPRO (pp. 262-265). IEEE.

  39. Son J, Park J, Oh H, Bhuiyan MZA, Hur J, Kang K (2017) Privacy-preserving electrocardiogram monitoring for intelligent arrhythmia detection. Sensors 17(6):1360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Trochidis A, Hadjileontiadis L, Zacharias K (2014) Analysis of vibroacoustic modulations for crack detection: a time-frequency approach based on zhao-atlas-marks distribution Shock and Vibration, 2014.

  41. Venkatesan C, Karthigaikumar P, Varatharajan RJMT (2018) A novel LMS algorithm for ECG signal preprocessing and KNN classifier based abnormality detection. Multimed Tools Appl 77(8):10365–10374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. World Health Organization. (2018). World health statistics 2018: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals.

  43. Yeh YC, Chiou CW, Lin HJ (2012) Analyzing ECG for cardiac arrhythmia using cluster analysis. Expert Syst Appl 39(1):1000–1010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Yildirim O, Baloglu UB, Tan RS, Ciaccio EJ, Acharya UR (2019) A new approach for arrhythmia classification using deep coded features and LSTM networks. Comput Methods Prog Biomed 176:121–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Zhao Y, Atlas LE, Marks RJ (1990) The use of cone-shaped kernels for generalized time-frequency representations of nonstationary signals. IEEE Trans Acoust Speech Signal Process 38(7):1084–1091

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study has been supported by the TÜBİTAK under grant 114E452 project within the scope of 1003 programs.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fulya Akdeniz.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors claim no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Akdeniz, F., Kayikcioglu, İ. & Kayikcioglu, T. Classification of cardiac arrhythmias using Zhao-Atlas-Marks time-frequency distribution. Multimed Tools Appl 80, 30523–30537 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10945-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10945-6

Keywords