Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Discrete cosine transforms and genetic algorithm based watermarking method for robustness and imperceptibility of color images for intelligent multimedia applications

  • 1205: Emerging Technologies for Information Hiding and Forensics in Multimedia Systems
  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Due to developments in the Internet and communication technology, the world has become an international parish in a digital era. The number of bits is generated, replicated, and transferred through the internet or mobile phones in the blink of an eye. Digital watermarking is implemented to assure and provide data authentication, copyright protection to such type of transmission. This paper presents a robust and imperceptible watermarking technique that is achieved with the combination of discrete cosine transform (DCT) and the genetic algorithm for color images. In this paper, DCT transform is based on dividing the cover image into 8X8 blocks, and a genetic algorithm is employed here for answering the optimization problem of digital watermarking as it plays a major role in obtaining an optimized solution. So main advantage of the proposed work can be described as the selection of the best pixel group for embedding so the quality of the watermarked image is better. Due to better pixels group selection for embedding the data losses is less during watermarking and we achieve better results. The purpose of optimization is to maximize the watermarking results in the presented watermarking method. In this work, various images have been imperiled to test the quality measurement in terms of standard metrics such as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Normalized Cross-Correlation (NCC). Proposed work is compared with existing approach DCT and decision tree induction ID3. Further performance evaluation for different color models such as Red, Green, and Blue (RGB), YCbCr, YIQ color spaces have been calculated. Results of the composing approach are found better than the existing approach in terms of PSNR. In the red plane, the PSNR value is increased by 12%, 18% in the green plane, and 14% in the blue plane for image Lena. The proposed scheme achieves good imperceptibility and robustness against many watermarking attacks too. It can be applied to digital repositories and libraries, ownership authentication, and optimizing the parameters of watermarking in terms of PSNR and NCC.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Agbaje MO, Awodele O, Ogbonna AC (2015) Applications of digital watermarking to cyber security (cyber watermarking). Proc Inf Sci IT Educ Conf (InSITE) 1–11

  2. Agarwal C, Mishra A, Sharma A, Bedi P (2014) Optimized gray-scale image watermarking using DWT-SVD and Firefly Algorithm. Expert Syst Appl 41(17):7858–7867

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ahmadi SBB, Zhang G, Rabbani M, Boukela L, Jelodar H (2021) An intelligent and blind dual color image watermarking for authentication and copyright protection. Appl Intell 51(3):1701–1732

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ali M, Ahn CW (2015) Optimized gray-scale image watermarking using DWT-SVD and firefly algorithm. Expert Syst Appl 42(5):2392td {border: 1px solid #ccc;}br {mso-data-placement:same-cell;}–2394

  5. Ansari IA, Pant M (2017) Multipurpose image watermarking in the domain of DWT based on SVD and ABC. Pattern Recogni Lett 94:228–236

  6. Ariatmanto D, Ernawan F (2020) An improved robust image watermarking by using different embedding strengths. Multimed Tools Appl 1–27

  7. Aslantas V (2008) A singular -value decomposition- based image watermarking using genetic algorithm. Int J Electron Commun 62(5):386–394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Chaturvedi R, Sharma A, Dwivedi U, Kumar S, Kumar AP (2016) Security Enhanced Image Watermarking using Mid-Band DCT coefficients in YCbCr Space. Int J Control Theory Appl 9(23):277–284

    Google Scholar 

  9. Das C, Panigrahi S, Sharma VK, Mahapatra KK (2014) A novel blind robust image watermarking in DCT domain using inter-block coefficient correlation. Int J Electron Commun (AEU) 68(3):244–253

  10. Darwish SM (2020) LDS AI-Khafaji, “Dual watermarking for color images: a new image copyright protection model based on the fusion of successive and segmented watermarking.” Multimed Tools Appl 79(9):6503–6530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Deeba F, Kun S, Dhareja FA, Zhou Y (2020) Lossless digital image watermarking in sparse domain by using K-singular value decomposition algorithm 14(6):1005–1014

  12. Dyer JD, Hartfield RJ, Dozier GV, Burkhalter JE (2012) Aerospace design optimization using a steady state real-coded genetic algorithm. Appl Math Comput 218(9):4710–4730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. El Houby EM, Yassin NI (2020) Wavelet- Hadamard based blind image watermarking using genetic algorithm and decision tree. Multimed Tools Appl 1–22

  14. Enayatifar R, Abdullah AH, Isnin IF (2014) Chaos-based image encryption using a hybrid genetic algorithm and a DNA sequence. Optics Lasers Eng 56:83–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Fazli S, Moeini M (2016) A robust image watermarking method based on DWT, DCT and SVD using a new technique for correction of main geometric attacks. Optik Int J Light Electron Optics 127(2):964–972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Holland JH (1992) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems: an introductory analysis with applications to biology, control and artificial intelligence, MIT press

  17. Hsu LY, Hu TH (2015) Blind image watermarking via exploitation of inter-block prediction and visibility threshold in DCT domain. J Vis Commun Image Represent 32:130–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Huang CH, Wu JL (2000) A Watermark Optimization Technique Based on Genetic Algorithms. Secur Watermark Multimed Contents 3971:516–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Iftikhar S, Kamran M, Anwar Z (2015) RRW- A Robust and Reversible Watermarking Technique for Relational Data. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 27(4)

  20. Islam M, Laskar RH (2018) Geometric distortion correction based robust watermarking scheme in LWT-SVD domain with digital watermark extraction using SVM. Multimed Tools Appl 77(11):14407–14434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Islam M, Roy A, Laskar RH (2020) SVM-based robust image watermarking technique in LWT domain using different sub-bands. Neural Computing and Applications 32(5):1379–1403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Katoch S, Chauhan SS, Kumar V (2021) A review on genetic algorithm: past, present and future. Multimed Tools Appl 80:8091–8126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Ko HJ, Huang CT, Horng G, Wang SJ (2020) Robust and blind image watermarking in DCT domain using inter-block coefficient correlation. Inf Sci 517:128–147

  24. Lin SD, Shie SC, Guo JY (2010) Improving the robustness of DCT based image watermarking against JPEG compression. Comput Stand Interfaces 32(1)

  25. Malik S, Reddlapalli RK, Gopal G (2021) GA- based optimized image watermarking method with histogram and Butterworth filtering. Int J Inf Retr Res 851–873

  26. Mehta R, Rajpal N, Vishwakarma VP (2018) Robust image watermarking scheme in lifting wavelet domain using GA-LSVR hybridization. Int J Mach Learn Cybern 9(1):145–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Mehta R, Gupta K, Yadav AK (2020) An adaptive framework to image watermarking based on the twin support vector regression and genetic algorithm in lifting wavelet transform domain. Multimed Tools Appl 79:18657–18678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Mohananthini N, Yamuna G (2016) Comparison of multiple watermarking techniques using genetic algorithms. J Electr Syst Inf Technol 68–80

  29. Niu P, Wang L, Tian J, Zhang S, Wang X (2021) A Statistical color image watermarking scheme using local QPCET and Cauchy-Rayleigh Distribution. Circuits Syst Signal Process 1–30

    Google Scholar 

  30. Parah SA, Javaid AS, Nazir AL, Gulam MB (2016) Robust and Blind watermarking technique in DCT domain using inter-block coefficient differencing. Digit Signal Process 53:11–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Patel SB, Mehta TB, Pradhan SN (2011) A Unified Technique for Robust Digital Watermarking of Colour Images using Data Mining and DCT. Int J Internet Technol Secur Trans 3(1)

  32. Priya S, Varatharajan S, Manogaran G, Sundarasekar R, Kumar PM (2018) Paillier homomorphic cryptosystem with poker shuffling transformation based watermarking method for the secured transmission of digital medical images. Pers Ubiquit Comput 22(5–6):1141–1151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Roy S, Pal AK (2017) A robust blind hybrid image watermarking scheme in RDWT-DCT domain using Arnold Scrambling. Multimed Tools Appl 76(3):3577–3616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Sadeghzadeh M, Taherbaghal M (2014) A New Method for Watermarking using Genetic Algorithms. Int Conf Mach Learn Electr Mech Eng (ICMLEME) 1–8

  35. Shieh CS, Huang HC, Wang FH, Pan JS (2004) Genetic Watermarking based on transform domain techniques. Pattern Recognit 555–565

  36. Singh D, Singh SK (2017) DWT-SVD and DCT based Robust and Blind Watermarking Scheme for Copyright Protection. Multimed Tools Appl 76(11):13001–13024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Singh AK (2019) Robust and distortion control dual watermarking in LWT domain using DCT and error correction code for color medical image. Multimed Tools Appl 1–11

  38. Su Q, Chen B (2018) Robust Color Image Watermarking Technique in the Spatial Domain. Soft Comput 22(1):91–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Su Q, Zhang X, Wang G (2020) A blind color image watermarking algorithm for color image using Schur decomposition. Soft Comput 24(1):445–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Thakkar FN, Srivastava VK (2017) A blind medical image watermarking: DWT-SVD based robust and secure approach for telemedicine applications. Multimed Tools Appl 76(3):3669–3697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Thakkar F, Srivastava VK (2021) An Adaptive, secure and imperceptive image watermarking using swarm intelligence, Arnold Transform, SVD and DWT. Multimed Tools Appl 1–18

  42. Thien HT, Banos O, Lee S, Yoon Y, Tien TL (2016) Improving digital image watermarking by means of optimal channel selection. Expert Syst Appl 62:177–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Yadav A, Mehta R, Kumar R, Vishwakarma VP (2016) Lagrangian twin support vector regression and genetic algorithm based robust grayscale image watermarking. Int J Multimed Tools Appl 75(15):9371–9394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Yao Z, Yen GG (2018) Evolving deep neural networks for movie box-office revenues prediction. IEEE Congr Evol Comput

  45. Yao Z, Yen GG, Zhang Y (2019) A knee guided evolutionary algorithm for compressing deep neural networks. IEEE Trans Cybern 99:1–13

  46. Zear A, Singh AK, Kumar P (2018) A Proposed Secure Multiple Watermarking Technique Based on DWT, DCT and SVD for application in medicine. Multimed Tools Appl 77(4):4863–4882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Zhou X, Cao C, Ma J, Wang L (2018) Adaptive digital watermarking scheme based on support vector machines and optimized genetic algorithm. Math Probl Eng

  48. Zhu T, Qu W, Cao W (2021) An optimized image watermarking algorithm based on SVD and IWT. J Supercomput 1–16

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, H.P, India

    Namita Agarwal

  2. Department of Computer Science, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, U.P, India

    Pradeep Kumar Singh

Authors
  1. Namita Agarwal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pradeep Kumar Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pradeep Kumar Singh.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Agarwal, N., Singh, P.K. Discrete cosine transforms and genetic algorithm based watermarking method for robustness and imperceptibility of color images for intelligent multimedia applications. Multimed Tools Appl 81, 19751–19777 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-11337-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-11337-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation