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Fragile watermarking scheme in spatial domain based on prime number distribution theory

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Abstract

Fragile digital watermarking is mainly used for digital content authentication, which is of great significance for protecting information security. A novel fragile spatial watermarking scheme based on prime number distribution theory is proposed in this paper. Firstly, 54 approximate pixel sets are constructed according to the prime number distribution in [0,255]. Secondly, the embedding of watermark information is achieved by pixel replacement in the approximate pixel set, while the MD5 hashing algorithm is used in the embedding process to ensure the security of the scheme. The experimental results show that the proposed watermarking scheme has better performance compared with the existing methods. It is not only robust to common image processing operations such as additive noise, rotation, sharpening and etc., but also has good invisibility, fragility, high capacity and low computational cost.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, Shandong, China

    Ziyun Xia & Huichuan Duan

  2. School of Information Science and Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China

    Ziyun Xia, Wenyin Zhang, Jiuru Wang & Xiuyuan Wei

  3. Institute of Biochemical Analysis, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China

    Xiuyuan Wei

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  1. Ziyun Xia
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  2. Wenyin Zhang
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  3. Huichuan Duan
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  4. Jiuru Wang
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  5. Xiuyuan Wei
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Correspondence to Wenyin Zhang or Huichuan Duan.

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Xia, Z., Zhang, W., Duan, H. et al. Fragile watermarking scheme in spatial domain based on prime number distribution theory. Multimed Tools Appl 81, 6477–6496 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-11704-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-11704-3

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