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Median filtering forensics based on optimum thresholding for low-resolution compressed images

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Abstract

Image dependence is increasing for information sharing. In image forensics, the detection of median filtering is challenging on low-resolution and highly compressed images. In this paper, a robust median filtering detection technique is proposed to give promising results on low-resolution and highly compressed images. The proposed technique is based on optimal thresholding process on difference arrays. The optimal thresholding provides additional intrinsic features by utilizing a full range of difference array values. As a result, the optimized thresholding difference arrays give better statistical information that can improve a performance. Further, experimental results show that a choice of padding in median filtering process has a considerable effect on median filtering detection accuracy. Both zero padding and symmetric padding types are considered to highlight effect of padding in performance evaluation. Experimental analysis is performed on multiple datasets using SVM and LDA classifier. The proposed technique proves robustness even against the averaging and Gaussian filter post processing. The proposed technique achieved better accuracy in comparison with state of the art techniques in most of the cases.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2018R1D1A1A09081842, 2021R1I1A3049788) and Brain Pool program funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT through the National Research Foundation of Korea (2019H1D3A1A01101687).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

    Saurabh Agarwal

  2. Department of Cyber Security, Kyungil University, 50 Gamasil-gil, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, 38428, Republic of Korea

    Saurabh Agarwal & Ki-Hyun Jung

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  1. Saurabh Agarwal
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  2. Ki-Hyun Jung
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Correspondence to Ki-Hyun Jung.

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Agarwal, S., Jung, KH. Median filtering forensics based on optimum thresholding for low-resolution compressed images. Multimed Tools Appl 81, 7047–7062 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-11945-w

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