Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A survey on Blockchain mechanisms (BCM) based on internet of things (IoT) applications

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT), fast-growing smart equipment and high-speed networks, has become generally embraced and popular. Most IoT devices are nevertheless easy to hack and compromise. In general, the processors, storage, and network capacity of these IoT devices are limited. The security issues of this situation are exacerbated by several violations of safety policies. There have been suggestions and/or utilization of different security strategies and approaches. Blockchain mechanisms can be used as part of a security framework to protect many IoT-oriented applications as it ensures integrity and privacy even when datasets are released to the public. Hence, the paper elaborately surveyed common security issues in IoT architecture and the paper explores the key features of the blockchain. Along with the work proficiently investigates the technology behind bitcoin and how the blockchain solves many security issues in IoT applications. Thus the paper is concluded by providing the upsurges and limitations of various IoT with Blockchain technologies and their recent trends more precisely.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Aderibole A, Aljarwan A, Rehman MHU, Hatem Zeineldin H (2020) Toufic Mezher, Khaled Salah, Ernesto Damiani, and Davor Svetinovic. Blockchain Technology for Smart Grids: decentralized NIST conceptual model. IEEE Access 8:43177–43190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Alam, Tanweer, Health Communication Framework using blockchain and IoT Technologies, International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research 9(6).

  3. Alqassem, Israa, and Davor Svetinovic (2014) A taxonomy of security and privacy requirements for the Internet of Things (IoT). In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management 1244–1248.

  4. Amoozadeh M, Raghuramu A, Chuah C-N, Ghosal D, Michael Zhang H, Rowe J, Levitt K (2015) Security vulnerabilities of connected vehicle streams and their impact on cooperative driving. IEEE Commun Mag 53(6):126–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Badr S, Gomaa I, Abd-Elrahman E (2018) Multi-tier blockchain framework for IoT-EHRs systems. Procedia Comput Sci 141:159–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Balaji BS, Raja PV, Nayyar A, Sanjeevikumar P, Pandiyan S (2020) Enhancement of security and handling the inconspicuousness in IoT using a simple size extensible Blockchain. Energies 13(7):1795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bandyopadhyay D, Sen J (2011) Internet of things: applications and challenges in technology and standardization. Wirel Pers Commun 58(1):49–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Caro, Miguel Pincheira, Muhammad Salek Ali, Massimo Vecchio, and Raffaele Giaffreda (2018) Blockchain-based traceability in Agri-Food supply chain management: A practical implementation. In 2018 IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture-Tuscany (IOT Tuscany) 1–4

  9. Catarinucci L, De Donno D, Mainetti L, Palano L, Patrono L, Stefanizzi ML, Tarricone L (2015) An IoT-aware architecture for smart healthcare systems. IEEE Internet Things J 2(6):515–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Chaudhary R, Jindal A, Aujla GS, Aggarwal S, Kumar N, Choo K-KR (2019) BEST: Blockchain-based secure energy trading in SDN-enabled intelligent transportation system. Comput Secur 85:288–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Crosby M, Pattanayak P, Verma S, Kalyanaraman V (2016) Blockchain technology: beyond bitcoin. Applied Innovation 2(6):71

    Google Scholar 

  12. Danzi, Pietro, Marko Angjelichinoski, Čedomir Stefanović, and Petar Popovski (2017) Distributed proportional-fairness control in microgrids via blockchain smart contracts. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm) 45–51.

  13. Das, Manik Lal (2015) Privacy and security challenges in the Internet of Things. In International Conference on Distributed Computing and Internet Technology 33–48.

  14. Davcev, Danco, Ljupco Kocarev, Anna Carbone, Vlado Stankovski, and Kosta Mitresk (2018) Blockchain-based Distributed Cloud/Fog Platform for IoT Supply Chain Management. In Eighth international conference on advances in computing, electronics and electrical technology (CEET) 51–58.

  15. Deep G, Mohana R, Nayyar A, Sanjeevikumar P, Hossain E (2019) Authentication protocol for cloud databases using blockchain mechanism. Sensors 19(20):4444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dorri, Ali, Salil Kanhere S, and Raja Jurdak (2016) Blockchain is the internet of things: challenges and solutions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.05187.

  17. Dorri, Ali, Salil Kanhere S, Raja Jurdak, and Praveen Gauravaram (2017) Blockchain for IoT security and privacy: The case study of a smart home. In 2017 IEEE international conference on pervasive computing and communications workshops (PerCom workshops) 618–623.

  18. Dorri, Ali, Salil Kanhere S, and Raja Jurdak (2017) Towards an optimized blockchain for IoT. In 2017 IEEE/ACM Second International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI) 173–178.

  19. Dwivedi AD, Srivastava G, Dhar S, Singh R (2019) A decentralized privacy-preserving healthcare blockchain for IoT. Sensors 19(2):326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Eyal, Ittay, Adem Efe Gencer, Emin Gün Sirer, and Robbert Van Renesse (2016) Bitcoin-ng: A scalable blockchain protocol. In 13th {USENIX} symposium on networked systems design and implementation ({NSDI} 16: 45–59.

  21. Ezell, Stephen (2010) Explaining international IT application leadership: Intelligent transportation systems.

  22. Fan, Tongrang, and Yanzhao Chen (2010) A scheme of data management in the Internet of Things. In 2010 2nd IEEE InternationalConference on Network Infrastructure and Digital Content 110–114.

  23. Feng Q, He D, Zeadally S, Liang K (2020) BPAS: Blockchain-assisted privacy-preserving authentication system for vehicular ad hoc networks. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 16(6):4146–4155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Fernández-Caramés TM, Froiz-Míguez I, Blanco-Novoa O, Fraga-Lamas P (2019) Enabling the internet of mobile crowdsourcing health things: a mobile fog computing, blockchain, and IoT based continuous glucose monitoring system for diabetes mellitus research and care. Sensors 19(15):3319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Fu Y, Zhu J (2019) Operation mechanisms for intelligent logistics system: a blockchain perspective. IEEE Access 7:144202–144213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Gao W, Su C (2020) Analysis of earnings forecast of blockchain financial products based on particle swarm optimization. J Comput Appl Math 372:112724

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. Gao J, Asamoah KO, Sifah EB, Smahi A, Xia Q, Hu X, Zhang X, Dong G (2018) Gridmonitoring: secured sovereign blockchain-based monitoring on the smart grid. IEEE Access 6:9917–9925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Garlapati, Shravan (2020) Blockchain for IOT-based NANs and HANs in Smart Grid. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.00230.

  29. Griggs KN, Ossipova O, Christopher Kohlios P, Alessandro Baccarini N, Emily Howson A, Hayajneh T (2018) Healthcare blockchain system using smart contracts for secure automated remote patient monitoring. J Med Syst 42(7):130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Guan Z, Si G, Zhang X, Wu L, Guizani N, Xiaojiang D, Ma Y (2018) Privacy-preserving and efficient aggregation based on blockchain for power grid communications in smart communities. IEEE Commun Mag 56(7):82–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Gubbi J, Buyya R, Marusic S, Palaniswami M (2013) Internet of things (IoT): a vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Futur Gener Comput Syst 29(7):1645–1660

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Hîrtan, Liviu-Adrian, and Ciprian Dobre (2018) Blockchain privacy-preservation in intelligent transportation systems. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) 177–184.

  33. Hîrţan L-A, Dobre C, González-Vélez H (2020) Blockchain-based reputation for intelligent transportation systems. Sensors 20(3):791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Ho, Grant, Derek Leung, Pratyush Mishra, Ashkan Hosseini, Dawn Song, and David Wagner (2016) Smart locks: Lessons for securing commodity internet of things devices. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM on Asia conference on computer and communications security 461–472.

  35. Huang, Yinghui, and Guanyu Li (2010) Descriptive models for the Internet of Things. In vv International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing 483–486.

  36. Huang, Yinghui, and Guanyu Li (2010) A semantic analysis for the internet of things. In 2010 International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation 1: 336–339.

  37. Islam, Anik, and Soo Young Shin (2019) Bhmus: blockchain-based secure outdoor health monitoring scheme using uav in a smart city. In 2019 7th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT) 1–6.

  38. Ismail L, Materwala H, Zeadally S (2019) Lightweight Blockchain for healthcare. IEEE Access 7:149935–149951

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Jaiswal, Shruti, and Daya Gupta (2017) Security requirements for the internet of things (IoT). In Proceedings of International Conference on Communication and Networks 419–427.

  40. Kabra N, Bhattacharya P, Tanwar S, Tyagi S (2020) MudraChain: Blockchain-based framework for automated cheque clearance in financial institutions. Futur Gener Comput Syst 102:574–587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Kang J, Xiong Z, Niyato D, Ye D, Kim DI, Zhao J (2019) Toward secure Blockchain-enabled internet of vehicles: optimizing consensus management using reputation and contract theory. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 68(3):2906–2920

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Kaur A, Nayyar A, Singh P (2020) Blockchain: a path to the future. Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology Applications:25–42

  43. Khan, Rafiullah, Sarmad Ullah Khan, Rifaqat Zaheer, and Shahid Khan (2012) Future Internet: the internet of things architecture, possible applications, and key challenges. In 2012 10th international conference on frontiers of information technology 257–260.

  44. Kim S (2018) Blockchain for a trust network among intelligent vehicles. In Advances in Computers 111:43–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Kim, Mark, Brian Hilton, Zach Burks, and Jordan Reyes (2018) Integrating blockchain, smart contract-tokens, and IoT to design a food traceability solution. In 2018 IEEE 9th annual information technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON) 335–340.

  46. Kumar VM, Iyengar NCS (2017) A framework for Blockchain technology in rice supply chain management. Adv Sci Technol Lett 146:125–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Kumar, Sathish Alampalayam, Tyler Vealey, and Harshit Srivastava (2016) Security in the internet of things: Challenges, solutions, and future directions. In 2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) 5772–5781.

  48. Latif RMA, Hussain K, Jhanjhi NZ, Nayyar A, & Rizwan O (2020) A remix IDE: smart contract-based framework for the healthcare sector by using Blockchain technology. Multimedia tools and applications 1-24.

  49. Lee I, Lee K (2015) The internet of things (IoT): applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises. Business Horizons 58(4):431–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Lee Y, Rathore S, Park JH, Park JH (2020) A blockchain-based smart home gateway architecture for preventing data forgery. Human-Centric Comput Inf Sci 10(1):1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Lei A, Cruickshank H, Cao Y, Asuquo P, Chibueze Anyigor Ogah P, Sun Z (2017) Blockchain-based dynamic key management for heterogeneous intelligent transportation systems. IEEE Internet Things J 4(6):1832–1843

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Li S (2017) Security requirements in IoT architecture. Securing the internet of things:97–108

  53. Li X, Huang X, Li C, Yu R, Shu L (2019) EdgeCare: leveraging edge computing for collaborative data Management in Mobile Healthcare Systems. IEEE Access 7:22011–22025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Li Y, Ouyang K, Li N, Rahmani R, Yang H, Pei Y (2020) A blockchain-assisted intelligent transportation system promoting data services with privacy protection. Sensors 20(9):2483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Lin, Jun, Zhiqi Shen, Anting Zhang, and Yueting Chai (2018) Blockchain and IoT based food traceability for smart agriculture. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Crowd Science and Engineering 1–6.

  56. Lombardi, Federico, Leonardo Aniello, Stefano De Angelis, Andrea Margheri, and Vladimiro Sassone (2018) A blockchain-based infrastructure for reliable and cost-effective IoT-aided smart grids 42–6.

  57. Longo F, Nicoletti L, Padovano A, D'atri G, Forte M (2019) Blockchain-enabled supply chain: an experimental study. Comput Ind Eng 136:57–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Lu Z, Wang Q, Qu G, Zhang H, Liu Z (2019) A Blockchain-based privacy-preserving authentication scheme for VANETs. IEEE Trans Very Large Scale Integr (VLSI) Syst 27(12):2792–2801

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Lucena, Percival, Alécio PD Binotto, Fernanda da Silva Momo, and Henry Kim (2018) A case study for grain quality assurance tracking based on a Blockchain business network. arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.07877.

  60. Luo B, Li X, Weng J, Guo J, Ma J (2020) Blockchain enabled trust-based location privacy protection scheme in VANET. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(2):2034–2048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Maskey, Shirshak Raja, Shahriar Badsha, Shamik Sengupta, and Ibrahim Khalil (2020) Bits: Blockchain based intelligent transportation system with outlier detection for smart city. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops) 1–6.

  62. McCallig J, Robb A, Rohde F (2019) Establishing the representational faithfulness of financial accounting information using multiparty security, network analysis and a blockchain. Int J Account Inf Syst 33:47–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Mengelkamp E, Notheisen B, Beer C, Dauer D, Weinhardt C (2018) A blockchain-based smart grid: towards sustainable local energy markets. Computer Science-Research and Development 33(1–2):207–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Mettler M (2016) Blockchain technology in healthcare: The revolution starts here. 2016 IEEE 18th international conference on e-health networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom) https://doi.org/10.1109/healthcom7749510

  65. Minoli D (2020) Positioning of blockchain mechanisms in IoT-powered smart home systems: a gateway-based approach. Internet of Things 10:100147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Mondal S, Kanishka Wijewardena P, Karuppuswami S, Kriti N, Kumar D, Chahal P (2019) Blockchain inspired RFID-based information architecture for the food supply chain. IEEE Internet Things J 6(3):5803–5813

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Mylrea, Michael, and Sri Nikhil Gupta Gourisetti (2017) Blockchain for smart grid resilience: Exchanging distributed energy at speed, scale, and security. In 2017 Resilience Week (RWS) 18–23.

  68. Nakamoto, Satoshi (2008) Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. online. Available in https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.

  69. Oh, Se-Ra, and Young-Gab Kim (2017) Security requirements analysis for the IoT. In 2017 International Conference on Platform Technology and Service (PlatCon) 1–6.

  70. Patel M (2017) Blockchain approach for smart health wallet. Int J Adv Res Comput Commun Eng 6(10):1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Patil, Akash Suresh, Bayu Adhi Tama, Youngho Park, and Kyung-Hyune Rhee (2017) A framework for blockchain-based secure smart greenhouse farming. In Advances in Computer Science and Ubiquitous Computing 1162–1167.

  72. Peppet SR (2014) Regulating the internet of things: first steps toward managing discrimination, privacy, security, and consent. Tex L Rev 93:85

    Google Scholar 

  73. Qu C, Tao M, Yuan R (2018) A hypergraph-based blockchain model and application on the internet of things-enabled smart homes. Sensors 18(9):2784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Rathee G, Sharma A, Saini H, Kumar R, Iqbal R (2019) A hybrid framework for multimedia data processing in IoT-healthcare using blockchain technology. Multimed Tools Appl:1–23

  75. Salah K, Nizamuddin N, Jayaraman R, Omar M (2019) Blockchain-based soybean traceability in agricultural supply chain. IEEE Access 7:73295–73305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Saleh, Mahmoud S, Ammar Althaibani, Yusef Esa, Yassine Mhandi, and Ahmed Mohamed A (2015) Impact of clustering microgrids on their stability and resilience during blackouts. In 2015 International Conference on Smart Grid and Clean Energy Technologies (ICSGCE) 195–200.

  77. Sanzgiri, Ameya, and Dipankar Dasgupta (2016) Classification of insider threat detection techniques. In Proceedings of the 11th annual cyber and information security research conference 1–4.

  78. Sharma PK, Kumar N, Park JH (2019) Blockchain-based distributed framework for automotive industry in a Smart City. IEEE Trans Industr Inf 15(7):4197–4205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. She WEI, Zhi-Hao G, Lyu X-K, Liu QI, Tian Z, Liu W (2019) Homomorphic consortium blockchain for smart home system sensitive data privacy-preserving. IEEE Access 7:62058–62070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Shen, Guicheng, and Bingwu Liu (2011) The visions, technologies, applications, and security issues of the Internet of Things. In 2011 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government (ICEE) 1–4.

  81. Singh, Madhusudan, and Shiho Kim (2017) Intelligent vehicle-trust point: Reward based intelligent vehicle communication using blockchain. arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.07442.

  82. Singh S, Ra I-H, Meng W, Kaur M, Cho GH (2019) SH-block CC: a secure and efficient internet of things smart home architecture based on cloud computing and blockchain technology. Int J Distrib Sens Netw 15(4):1550147719844159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Song X, Lou X, Zhu J, He D (2020) Secure state estimation for motion monitoring of intelligent connected vehicle systems. Sensors 20(5):1253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Sultan, Karim, Umar Ruhi, and Rubina Lakhani (2018) Conceptualizing blockchains: characteristics & applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.03693.

  85. Tahir, Muhammad, Muhammad Sardaraz, Shakoor Muhammad, and Muhammad Saud Khan, A Lightweight Authentication and Authorization Framework for Blockchain-Enabled IoT Network in Health-Informatics. Sustainability 12(17): 6960.

  86. Tantidham, Thitinan, and Yu Nandar Aung (2019) Emergency service for a smart home system using Emthereum blockchain: system and architecture, In 2019 IEEE international conference on pervasive computing and communications workshops (PerCom Workshops) 888–893.

  87. Tayal A, Solanki A, Kondal R, Nayyar A, Tanwar S, & Kumar N (2020) Blockchain-based efficient communication for food supply chain industry: transparency and traceability analysis for sustainable business. International journal of communication systems e4696.

  88. Tian, Feng (2016) An agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on RFID & blockchain technology. In 2016 13th international conference on service systems and service management (ICSSSM) 1–6.

  89. Valtanen K, Backman J, Yrjölä S (2019) Blockchain-powered value creation in the 5G and smart grid use cases. IEEE Access 7:25690–25707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Vora J, Nayyar A, Tanwar S, Tyagi S, Kumar N, Obaidat MS, & Rodrigues JJ (2018) BHEEM: a blockchain-based framework for securing electronic health records. In 2018 IEEE Globecom workshops (GC Wkshps) 1-6.

  91. Wang S, Wang J, Wang X, Qiu T, Yuan Y, Ouyang L, Wang FY (2018) Blockchain- powered parallel healthcare systems based on the ACP approach. IEEE Trans Comput Social Syst 5(4):942–950

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Wang Z, Wang T, Hu H, Gong J, Ren X, Xiao Q (2020) Blockchain-based framework for improving supply chain traceability and information sharing in precast construction. Autom Constr 111:103063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Xie, Chao, Yan Sun, and Hong Luo (2017) Secured data storage scheme based on the blockchain for agricultural products tracking. In 2017 3rd International Conference on Big Data Computing and Communications (BIGCOM) 45–50.

  94. Xu, Xiwei, Ingo Weber, Mark Staples, Liming Zhu, Jan Bosch, Len Bass, Cesare Pautasso, and Paul Rimba (2017) A taxonomy of blockchain-based systems for architecture design. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture (ICSA) 243–252.

  95. Xu J, Xue K, Li S, Tian H, Hong J, Hong P, Yu N (2019) Healthchain: a blockchain-based privacy-preserving scheme for large-scale health data. IEEE Internet Things J 6(5):8770–8781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Xue J, Xu C, Zhang Y (2018) Private Blockchain-based secure access control for smart home systems. KSII Transactions on Internet & Information Systems 12(12)

  97. Yu Y, Guo Y, Min W, Zeng F (2019) Trusted transactions in micro-grid based on blockchain. Energies 12(10):1952

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Yuan, Yong, and Fei-Yue Wang (2016) Towards blockchain-based intelligent transportation systems. In 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) 2663–2668.

  99. Yue X, Wang H, Jin D, Li M, Jiang W (2016) Healthcare data gateways: found healthcare intelligence on Blockchain with novel privacy risk control. J Med Syst 40(10):218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Zhang, Ying (2011) Technology framework of the Internet of Things and its application. In 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering 4109–4112.

  101. Zhang, Minghui, Fuqun Sun, and Xu Cheng (2012) Architecture of internet of things and its key technology integration based-on RFID. In 2012 Fifth International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design 1: 294–297.

  102. Zhang J, Xue N, Huang X (2016) A secure system for pervasive social network-based healthcare. IEEE Access 4:9239–9250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Zhang P, Liu Z, Han S, He L, Müller HS, Zhao T, Wang Y (2017) Visualization of rapid penetration of water into cracked cement mortar using neutron radiography. Mater Lett 195:1–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Zheng J, Simplot-Ryl D, Bisdikian C, Mouftah H (2011) The internet of things. IEEE Commun Mag 49(11):30–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Zheng, Zibin, Shaoan Xie, Hongning Dai, Xiangping Chen, and Huaimin Wang (2017) An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends. In 2017 IEEE international congress on big data (BigData Congress) 557–564.

  106. Zhou Z, Wang B, Guo Y, Zhang Y (2019) Blockchain and computational intelligence inspired incentive-compatible demand response in internet of electric vehicles. IEEE Trans Emerg Topics Comput Intell 3(3):205–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Tamil Nadu, Bodinayakanur, India

    C. Sathish

  2. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Francis Xavier Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli, India

    C. Yesubai Rubavathi

Authors
  1. C. Sathish
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. Yesubai Rubavathi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. Sathish.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

None.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sathish, C., Rubavathi, C.Y. A survey on Blockchain mechanisms (BCM) based on internet of things (IoT) applications. Multimed Tools Appl 81, 33419–33458 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-12784-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-12784-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation