Abstract
The morphology algorithms are an exciting field that provides a powerful and unified method applied to image and video processing applications. Also, they have many advantages to give manageable hardware implementations and are widely employed as parts of image processing techniques. On the other hand, Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a promising and novel nanotechnology that contains notable benefits against common technologies in diverse features like extremely small size, low energy loss, and high operation frequency. Besides, schematizing circuits with no info loss or fault-tolerant might be beneficial in reducing power wastage. In the present paper, we suggest a novel fault-tolerant procedure to execute the morphology operations in digital image processing based on QCA. The mentioned fault-tolerant schematization for executing the morphology operations in digital image processing is easy to build. It contains notably lower elements than Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) design. Implementation and testing of all circuits are achieved using the QCADesigner tool. The suggested fault-tolerant circuit for morphological dilation/erosion operation attains high fault-tolerant in all cases of defects.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data are reported in the paper.
References
Ahmadpour S-S, Mosleh M, Rasouli Heikalabad S (2022) Efficient designs of quantum-dot cellular automata multiplexer and RAM with physical proof along with power analysis. J Supercomput 78(2):1672–1695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-021-03913-2
Bhoi BK, Neeraj KM, Ipsita D, Sonali P, Ankita P (2019) Design of median filter in quantum-dot cellular automata for image processing applications. Adv Appl Math Sci 18(9): 893–900.
Chabi AM, Sayedsalehi S, Angizi S, Navi K (2014) Efficient QCA exclusive-or and multiplexer circuits based on a nanoelectronic-compatible designing approach. Int Sch Res Notices 2014:1–9
Chen H, Miao Y, Chen Y, Fang L, Zeng L, Shi J (2021) Intelligent model-based integrity assessment of nonstationary mechanical system. J Web Eng 253–280
Cho H, Swartzlander EE (2007) Adder designs and analyses for quantum-dot cellular automata. IEEE Trans Nanotechnol 6(3):374–383
Das JC, De DJIQC (2020) Reversible priority encoder design and implementation using quantum-dot cellular automata. 1(2):72–78
Gin A, Tougaw PD, Williams S (1999) An alternative geometry for quantum-dot cellular automata. J Appl Phys 85(12):8281–8286
Hasani B, Navimipour NJ (2021) A new Design of a Carry-Save Adder Based on quantum-dot cellular automata. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Electr Eng 45:1–7
Kim C (2005) Segmenting a low-depth-of-field image using morphological filters and region merging. IEEE Trans Image Process 14(10):1503–1511
Kumar D, Mitra D (2016) Design of a practical fault-tolerant adder in QCA. Microelectron J 53:90–104
Lent CS, Tougaw PD (1997) A device architecture for computing with quantum dots. Proc IEEE 85(4):541–557
Lent CS, Tougaw PD, Porod W, Bernstein GH (1993) Quantum cellular automata. Nanotechnology 4(1):49–57
Li B, Yang J, Yang Y, Li C, Zhang Y (2021) Sign language/gesture recognition based on cumulative distribution density features using UWB radar. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 70:1–13
Liu H, Jianyong L, Shudong H, Tao T, Jungong H (2021) Perception consistency ultrasound image super-resolution via self-supervised CycleGAN. Neural Comput Appl 1–11
Liu R, Wang X, Lu H, Wu Z, Fan Q, Li S, Jin X (2021b) SCCGAN: style and characters inpainting based on CGAN. Mob Netw Appl 26(1):3–12
Liu Y, Zelin Z, Xiang L, Lei W, Xuhui X (2021) Efficient image segmentation based on deep learning for mineral image classification. Adv Powder Technol 32(10):3885–3903
Liu Y, Zhang Z, Liu X, Wang L, Xia X (2021d) Ore image classification based on small deep learning model: evaluation and optimization of model depth, model structure and data size. Miner Eng 172:107020
Liu Y, Tian J, Hu R, Yang B, Liu S, Yin L, Zheng W (2022a) Improved Feature Point Pair Purification Algorithm Based on SIFT During Endoscope Image Stitching. Front Neurorobot 16
Liu Z, Fang L, Jiang D, Qu R (2022b) A machine-learning based fault diagnosis method with adaptive secondary sampling for multiphase drive systems. IEEE Trans Power Electron 37:8767–8772
Lv Z, Jinkang G, Lv H (2022) Safety poka yoke in zero-defect manufacturing based on digital twins. IEEE transactions on industrial informatics
Majeed AH, Alkaldy E, Zainal MS, Navi K, Nor D (2019) Optimal design of RAM cell using novel 2: 1 multiplexer in QCA technology. Circuit World 46:147–158
Mardiris V, Vassilios C (2014) Image processing algorithms implementation using quantum cellular automata. In Cellular Automata in Image Processing and Geometry. Springer, Cham pp. 65–84
Mardiris V, Vassilios C (2016) A configurable design for morphological erosion and dilation operations in image processing using quantum-dot cellular automata. J Eng Sci Technol 9(2):25–30
Meng F, Shuaisong Y, Jingdong W, Lei X, Han L (2022) Creating knowledge graph of electric power equipment faults based on BERT–BiLSTM–CRF model. J Electr Eng Technol 1–10
Meyer F, Beucher S (1990) Morphological segmentation. J Vis Commun Image Represent 1(1):21–46
Nejad MY, Mosleh M, Heikalabad SR (2020) An enhanced LSB-based quantum audio watermarking scheme for nano communication networks. Multimed Tools Appl 79(35):26489–26515
Panagiotopoulos FK, Mardiris VA, Chatzis V (2012). Quantum–dot cellular automata design for median filtering and mathematical morphology operations on binary images. Paper presented at the International Conference on Cellular Automata
Pesaresi M, Benediktsson JA (2001) A new approach for the morphological segmentation of high-resolution satellite imagery. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 39(2):309–320
Ramji D, Palagan CA, Nithya A, Appathurai A, Alex EJ (2020) Soft computing based color image demosaicing for medical image processing. Multimed Tools Appl 79(15):10047–10063
Sen B, Dutta M, Goswami M, Sikdar BK (2014) Modular design of testable reversible ALU by QCA multiplexer with increase in programmability. Microelectron J 45(11):1522–1532
Seyedi S, Nima JN(2018) An optimized design of full adder based on nanoscale quantum-dot cellular automata. Optik 158: 243–256.
Seyedi S, Jafari Navimipour N (2022) Designing a multi-layer full-adder using a new three-input majority gate based on quantum computing. Concurr Comput Pract Exper 34(4):e6653
Seyedi S, Navimipour NJ (2018) Design and evaluation of a new structure for fault-tolerance full-adder based on quantum-dot cellular automata. Nano Commun Networks 16:1–9
Seyedi S, Navimipour NJ (2021a) Designing a new 4: 2 compressor using an efficient multi-layer full-adder based on nanoscale quantum-dot cellular automata. Int J Theor Phys 60:2613–2626
Seyedi S, Nima JN (2021) A fault-tolerance nanoscale design for binary-to-gray converter based on QCA. IETE J Res 1–8
Seyedi S, Navimipour NJ (2022) An efficient structure for designing a nano-scale fault-tolerant 2: 1 multiplexer based on quantum-dot cellular automata. Optik 251:168409
Seyedi S, Navimipour NJ, Otsuki A (2021a) Design and analysis of fault-tolerant 1: 2 Demultiplexer using quantum-dot cellular automata Nano-Technology. Electronics 10(21):2565
Seyedi S, Otsuki A, Navimipour NJ (2021b) A new cost-efficient design of a reversible gate based on a nano-scale quantum-dot cellular automata technology. Electronics 10(15):1806
Singh R, Sharma DK (2020) Design of efficient multilayer RAM cell in QCA framework. Circuit World 47:31–41
Soille P (1999) Morphological image analysis: principles and applications. Vol. 2, no. 3. Berlin, Springer
Tougaw PD, Lent CS (1994) Logical devices implemented using quantum cellular automata. J Appl Phys 75(3):1818–1825
Tripathi SB, Aron N, Rahul T, Mrinal G, Bibhash S. (2018) Designing efficient configurable QCA nano circuit for morphological operations in image processing. J Phys Conf Ser 1039(1):012028. IOP Publishing
Vankamamidi V, Marco O, Fabrizio L (2006) Clocking and cell placement for QCA. In 2006 Sixth IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology. IEEE 1:343–346
Walus K, Dysart TJ, Jullien GA, Budiman RA (2004) QCADesigner: a rapid design and simulation tool for quantum-dot cellular automata. IEEE Trans Nanotechnol 3(1):26–31
Wang L, Ran Q, Ma J (2020) Double quantum color images encryption scheme based on DQRCI. Multimed Tools Appl 79(9):6661–6687
Xingjun L, Zhiwei S, Hongping C, Haghighi MRJ (2020) A new design of QCA-based nanoscale multiplexer and its usage in communications. Int J Commun Syst 33(4):e4254
Xu J, Wu Z, Chen H, Shao L, Zhou X, Wang S (2021) Study on strength behavior of basalt fiber-reinforced loess by digital image technology (DIT) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Arab J Sci Eng 46(11):11319–11338
Ye Y, Jiao B, Kong Y, Liu R, Du X, Jia K, … Chen D (2022) Experimental investigations on the thermal superposition effect of multiple hotspots for embedded microfluidic cooling. Appl Therm Eng 202:117849
Zhang N, Jiao B, Ye Y, Kong Y, Du X, Liu R, … Jia K (2022a) Embedded cooling method with configurability and replaceability for multi-chip electronic devices. Energy Convers Manag 253:115124
Zhang Z, Wang L, Zheng W, Yin L, Hu R, Yang B (2022b) Endoscope image mosaic based on pyramid ORB. Biomed Signal Process Control 71:103261
Zheng W, Liu X, Yin L (2021) Research on image classification method based on improved multi-scale relational network. PeerJ Comput Sci 7:e613
Zhou W, Yu L, Zhou Y, Qiu W, Wu M-W, Luo T (2018) Local and global feature learning for blind quality evaluation of screen content and natural scene images. IEEE Trans Image Process 27(5):2086–2095
Zhou W, Liu J, Lei J, Yu L, Hwang J-N (2021) GMNet: graded-feature multilabel-learning network for RGB-thermal urban scene semantic segmentation. IEEE Trans Image Process 30:7790–7802
Zuo C, Qian J, Feng S, Yin W, Li Y, Fan P, Han J, Qian K, Chen Q (2022) Deep learning in optical metrology: a review. Light Sci Appl 11(1):1–54
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Seyedi, S., Navimipour, N.J. A fault-tolerant image processor for executing the morphology operations based on a nanoscale technology. Multimed Tools Appl 82, 2489–2502 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13330-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13330-z