Abstract
This paper proposes an efficient deep convolutional neural network with features fusion for recognizing radar signal, which mainly includes data pre-processing, features extraction, multi-features fusion, and classification. Radar signals are first transformed into time-frequency images by using choi-williams distribution and smooth pseudo-wigner-ville distribution, and the image pre-processing methods are used to resize and normalize the time-frequency images. Then, two constructed deep convolutional neural network models are aimed to extract more effective features. Furthermore, a multi-features fusion model is proposed to integrate features extracted from two deep convolutional neural network models, which makes full use of the relationship among different features and further improves the recognition performance. Experimental results shown that the average recognition accuracy of the proposed method is up to 84.38% when the signal to noise ratio is at −12 dB, and even reach to 94.31% at −10 dB, which achieved the superior recognition performance than others, especially at the lower signal to noise ratio. Moreover, the recognition performance of various radar signals can be largely improved, especially for 2FSK, 4FSK and SFM. This work provides a sound experimental foundation for further improving radar signal recognition in modern electronic warfare systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Ayazgok S, Erdem C, Ozturk MT, Orduyilmaz A, Serin M (2018) Automatic antenna scan type classification for next-generation electronic warfare receivers. IET Radar Sonar Navig 12(4):466–474. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2017.0354
Bu K, He Y, Jing X, Han J (2020) Adversarial transfer learning for deep learning based automatic modulation classification. IEEE Signal Process Lett 27:880–884. https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2020.2991875
Cao R, Cao JW, Mei JP, Yin C, Huang XG (2019) Radar emitter identification with bispectrum and hierarchical extreme learning machine. Multimed Tools Appl 78(20):28953–28970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6134-y
Fan X, Li T, Su S (2017) Intrapulse modulation type recognition for pulse compression radar signal. J Appl Remote Sens 11(3):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.11.035018
Feng Z, Liang M, Chu F (2013) Recent advances in time–frequency analysis methods for machinery fault diagnosis: a review with application examples. Mech Syst Signal Proc 38(1):165–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2013.01.017
Han L, Gao F, Li Z, Dobre OA (2017) Low complexity automatic modulation classification based on order-statistics. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 16(1):400–411. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2016.2623716
Hazar MA, Odaba N, Ensari T, Kavurucu Y, Sayan OF (2018) Performance analysis and improvement of machine learning algorithms for automatic modulation recognition over Rayleigh fading channels. Neural Comput Appl 29(9):351–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-017-3040-6
He K, Zhang X, Ren S, Sun J (2016) Deep residual learning for image recognition. In proceedings of the 2016 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR). IEEE 770–778
Huang S, Yao Y, Wei Z, Feng Z, Zhang P (2017) Automatic modulation classification of overlapped sources using multiple Cumulants. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 66(7):6089–6101. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2016.2636324
Kingma DP, Ba J (2015) Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. In proceedings of the 2015 3rd international conference for learning representations. IEEE 1–15
Kishore TR, Rao KD (2017) Automatic intrapulse modulation classification of advanced LPI radar waveforms. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 53(2):901–914. https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2667142
Li DJ, Yang RJ, Dong RJ, Zuo JJ (2020) Emitter signals modulation recognition based on discriminative projection and collaborative representation. IET Radar Sonar Navig 14(5):782–791. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2019.0550
Linh Manh H, Kim M, Kong S-H (2019) Automatic recognition of general LPI radar waveform using SSD and supplementary classifier. IEEE Trans Signal Process 67(13):3516–3530. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2019.2918983
Liu Y, Xiao P, Wu H, Xiao W (2015) LPI radar signal detection based on radial integration of Choi-Williams time-frequency image. J Syst Eng Electron 26(5):973–981. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEE.2015.00106
Liu S, Yan X, Li P, Hao X, Wang K (2018) Radar emitter recognition based on SIFT position and scale features. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems 65(12):2062–2066. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2018.2819666
Ma N, Wang J (2013) Dynamic threshold for SPWVD parameter estimation based on Otsu algorithm. J Syst Eng Electron 24(6):919–924. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEE.2013.00107
Meng F, Chen P, Wu L, Wang X (2018) Automatic modulation classification: a deep learning enabled approach. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 67(11):10760–10772. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2018.2868698
Qin Z, Zhou X, Zhang L, Gao Y, Liang Y-C, Li GY (2019) 20 years of evolution from cognitive to intelligent communications. IEEE Signal Process Lett 6(1):6–20. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCCN.2019.2949279
Qu Z, Mao X, Deng Z (2018) Radar signal intra-pulse modulation recognition based on convolutional neural network. IEEE Access 6:43874–43884. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2864347
Qu ZY, Wang WY, Hou CB, Hou CF (2019) Radar signal intra-pulse modulation recognition based on convolutional Denoising autoencoder and deep convolutional neural network. IEEE Access 7:112339–112347. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2935247
Qu Z, Hou C, Hou C, Wang W (2020) Radar signal intra-pulse modulation recognition based on convolutional neural network and deep Q-learning network. IEEE Access 8:49125–49136. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2980363
Qu Q, Wei S, Wu Y, Wang M (2020) ACSE networks and autocorrelation features for PRI modulation recognition. IEEE Commun Lett 24(8):1729–1733. https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2020.2992266
Sandler M, Howard A, Zhu M, Zhmoginov A, Chen L (2018) MobileNetV2: inverted residuals and linear bottlenecks. In proceedings of the 2018 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. IEEE 4510–4520
Shao G, Chen Y, Wei Y (2020) Deep fusion for radar jamming signal classification based on CNN. IEEE Access 8:117236–117244. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3004188
Si W, Wan C, Zhang C (2020) Towards an accurate radar waveform recognition algorithm based on dense CNN. Multimed Tools Appl:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09490-5
Tan M, Le QV (2019) EfficientNet: rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks. In proceedings of the 2019 international conference on machine learning. IEEE 6105–6114
Wei W, Mendel JM (2000) Maximum-likelihood classification for digital amplitude-phase modulations. IEEE Trans Commun 48(2):189–193. https://doi.org/10.1109/26.823550
Wu Z, Zhou S, Yin Z, Ma B, Yang Z (2017) Robust automatic modulation classification under varying noise conditions. IEEE Access 5:19733–19741. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2746140
Zhang H, Yu L, Xia GS (2016) Iterative time-frequency filtering of sinusoidal signals with updated frequency estimation. IEEE Signal Process Lett 23(1):139–143. https://doi.org/10.1109/LSP.2015.2504565
Zhang Z, Wang C, Gan C, Sun S, Wang M (2019) Automatic modulation classification using convolutional neural network with features fusion of SPWVD and BJD. IEEE Transactions on Signal and Information Processing Over Networks 5(3):469–478. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsipn.2019.2900201
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61671168 and 61801143), in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (Grant No. JJ2019LH1760 and LH2020F019), in part by the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 2019010P6001 and 2019010P6002), and in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. HEUCFJ180801).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of internet
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of internet to this work.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Si, W., Wan, C. & Deng, Z. An efficient deep convolutional neural network with features fusion for radar signal recognition. Multimed Tools Appl 82, 2871–2885 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13407-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13407-9