Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Misbehavior of nodes in IoT based vehicular delay tolerant networks VDTNs

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Various Internet of Things (IoT) applications are based and deployed on unstable wireless networks like the Delay Tolerant Network (DTN). But effective DTN data transmission seems to be an important concern for IoT applications. Vehicular Delay Tolerant Network (VDTN) is also one of the DTN application areas. Despite communication problems, VDTNs’ consist of mobile devices that communicate wirelessly with one another to transmit data. This article highlights the issue of certain nodes that tend to disrupt a VDTN’s connection. The case of nodes that interrupt the transmission of messages, which is an immensely challenging type of misconduct to recognize, is described in the article. We investigate the influence of this type of misconduct on nine VDTN routing algorithms using two different types of scenarios as well as a wide range of simulations. The outcomes indicate that focusing on the form of inappropriate behavior, duplication of messages, and smart selection of a next-hop can assist routing methods to be resistant to misconduct by nodes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ahmed SH, Kang H, Kim D (2015) Vehicular delay tolerant network (vdtn): routing perspectives. In: 2015 12th Annual IEEE consumer communications and networking conference (CCNC). IEEE, pp 898–903

  2. Ashton K et al (2009) That ‘internet of things’ thing. RFID J 22 (7):97–114

    Google Scholar 

  3. Avižienis A (2017) Document faults: an extension of the taxonomy of dependable and secure computing. In: 2017 47th Annual IEEE/IFIP international conference on dependable systems and networks workshops (DSN-W). IEEE, pp 113–114

  4. Balasubramanian A, Levine B, Venkataramani A (2007) Dtn routing as a resource allocation problem. In: Proceedings of the 2007 conference on applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications, pp 373–384

  5. Benamar M, Benamar N, El Ouadghiri D (2015) The effect of cooperation of nodes on vdtn routing protocols. In: 2015 International conference on wireless networks and mobile communications (WINCOM). IEEE, pp 1–7

  6. Bose Paul A, Mondal S, Biswas S, Nandi S (2020) Ta-acs: a trust aware adaptive carrier selection scheme for reliable routing in delay tolerant networks. In: International conference on innovations for community services. Springer, pp 227–244

  7. Burgess J, Gallagher B, Jensen DD, Levine BN et al (2006) Maxprop: Routing for vehicle-based disruption-tolerant networks.. In: Infocom. Barcelona, Spain, vol 6

  8. Burleigh S, Hooke A, Torgerson L, Fall K, Cerf V, Durst B, Scott K, Weiss H (2003) Delay-tolerant networking: an approach to interplanetary internet. IEEE Commun Mag 41(6):128–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Chhabra A, Vashishth V, Sharma DK (2017) A game theory based secure model against black hole attacks in opportunistic networks. In: 2017 51st Annual conference on information sciences and systems (CISS). IEEE, pp 1–6

  10. Dias JAFF (2017) Performance of management solutions and cooperation approaches for vehicular delay-tolerant networks. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade da Beira Interior (Portugal

    Google Scholar 

  11. Huang T-K, Lee C-K, Chen L-J (2010) Prophet+: an adaptive prophet-based routing protocol for opportunistic network. In: 2010 24th IEEE international conference on advanced information networking and applications. IEEE, pp 112–119

  12. Ilyas M, Ullah Z, Khan FA, Chaudary MH, Malik MSA, Zaheer Z, Durrani HUR (2020) Trust-based energy-efficient routing protocol for internet of things–based sensor networks. Int J Distributed Sensor Netw 16(10):1550147720964358

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kang H, Ahmed SH, Kim D, Chung Y-S (2015) Routing protocols for vehicular delay tolerant networks: a survey. Int J Distributed Sensor Netw 11(3):325027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Khalid W, Ullah Z, Ahmed N, Cao Y, Khalid M, Arshad M, Ahmad F, Cruickshank H (2018) A taxonomy on misbehaving nodes in delay tolerant networks. Comput Secur 77:442–471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Lindgren A, Doria A, Schelen O (2004) Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected networks. In: International workshop on service assurance with partial and intermittent resources. Springer, pp 239–254

  16. Loudari SE, Benamar M, Benamar N (2015) New classification of nodes cooperation in delay tolerant networks. In: International symposium on ubiquitous networking. Springer, pp 301–309

  17. Lu X, Hui P (2010) An energy-efficient n-epidemic routing protocol for delay tolerant networks. In: 2010 IEEE fifth international conference on networking, Architecture, and Storage. IEEE, pp 341–347

  18. Ma M, He D, Wang H, Kumar N, Choo K-KR (2019) An efficient and provably secure authenticated key agreement protocol for fog-based vehicular ad-hoc networks. IEEE Int Things J 6(5):8065–8075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Magaia N, Pereira PR, Correia MP (2013) Selfish and malicious behavior in delay-tolerant networks. In: 2013 Future network & mobile summit. IEEE, pp 1–10

  20. Manman L, Xin Q, Goswami P, Mukherjee A, Yang L (2020) Energy-efficient dynamic clustering for iot applications: a neural network approach. In: 2020 IEEE eighth international conference on communications and networking (ComNet). IEEE, pp 1–7

  21. Mao Y, Zhou C, Ling Y, Lloret J (2019) An optimized probabilistic delay tolerant network (dtn) routing protocol based on scheduling mechanism for internet of things (iot). Sensors 19(2):243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Massri K, Vitaletti A, Vernata A, Chatzigiannakis I (2016) Routing protocols for delay tolerant networks: a reference architecture and a thorough quantitative evaluation. J Sensor Actuator Netw 5(2):6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Moetesum M, Hadi F, Imran M, Minhas AA, Vasilakos AV (2016) An adaptive and efficient buffer management scheme for resource-constrained delay tolerant networks. Wireless Netw 22(7):2189–2201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Mukherjee A, Goswami P, Khan MA, Manman L, Yang L, Pillai P (2020) Energy-efficient resource allocation strategy in massive iot for industrial 6g applications. IEEE Internet Things J 8(7):5194–5201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Mukherjee A, Jain DK, Yang L (2020) On-demand efficient clustering for next generation iot applications: a hybrid nn approach. IEEE Sensors J 21(22):25457–25464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Nagrath P, Aneja S, Gupta N, Madria S (2016) Protocols for mitigating blackhole attacks in delay tolerant networks. Wirel Netw 22(1):235–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Ning Z, Liu L, Xia F, Jedari B, Lee I, Zhang W (2016) Cais: a copy adjustable incentive scheme in community-based socially aware networking. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 66(4):3406–3419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Nobahary S, Garakani HG, Khademzadeh A, Rahmani AM (2019) Selfish node detection based on hierarchical game theory in iot. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw 2019(1):1–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Oorschot V (2020) P.c. cryptographic building blocks. In: Computer security and the internet. Springer, pp 29–53

  30. Rehman G-U, Ghani A, Muhammad S, Singh M, Singh D (2020) Selfishness in vehicular delay-tolerant networks: a review. Sensors 20(10):3000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Rehman GU, Ghani A, Zubair M, Ghayyure SA, Muhammad S (2021) Honesty based democratic scheme to improve community cooperation for internet of things based vehicular delay tolerant networks. Trans Emerging Telecommun Technol 32(1):e4191

    Google Scholar 

  32. Rehman G-U, Ghani A, Zubair M, Naqvi SHA, Singh D, Muhammad S (2019) Ips: incentive and punishment scheme for omitting selfishness in the internet of vehicles (iov). IEEE Access 7:109026–109037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Rehman GU, Ghani A, Zubair M, Saeed MI, Singh D (2020) Sos: socially omitting selfishness in iot for smart and connected communities. Int J Commun Syst:e4455

  34. Saleem MA, Shijie Z, Sharif A (2019) Data transmission using iot in vehicular ad-hoc networks in smart city congestion. Mobile Netw Appl 24(1):248–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Sharma A, Gupta P, Grover J (2016) Configuration of one simulator using eclipse. IOSR J Electr Commun Eng 1:110–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Solis J, Asokan N, Kostiainen K, Ginzboorg P, Ott J (2010) Controlling resource hogs in mobile delay-tolerant networks. Comput Commun 33 (1):2–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Souza C, Mota E, Galvao L, Manzoni P, Cano JC, Calafate CT (2016) Fsf: friendship and selfishness forwarding for delay tolerant networks. In: 2016 IEEE symposium on computers and communication (ISCC). IEEE, pp 1200–1207

  38. Souza C, Mota E, Galvao L, Manzoni P, Cano JC, Calafate CT (2016) Fsf: friendship and selfishness forwarding for delay tolerant networks. In: 2016 IEEE symposium on computers and communication (ISCC). IEEE, pp 1200–1207

  39. Spaho E (2020) Energy consumption analysis of different routing protocols in a delay tolerant network. J Ambient Intell Humanized Comput 11(9):3833–3839

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Spyropoulos T, Psounis K, Raghavendra CS (2005) Spray and wait: an efficient routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks. In: Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking, pp 252–259

  41. Swati, Sivia JS, Bindra HS (2019) Sprp: a secured routing protocol for delay tolerant networks. Int J Sensor Netw 31(3):156–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Wang H, Feng G, Wang H, Lv H, Zhou R (2018) Rabp: delay/disruption tolerant network routing and buffer management algorithm based on weight. Int J Distributed Sensor Netw 14(3):1550147718757874

    Google Scholar 

  43. You I, Sharma V, Atiquzzaman M, Choo K-KR (2016) Gdtn: genome-based delay tolerant network formation in heterogeneous 5g using inter-ua collaboration. PloS One 11(12):e0167913

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Zekkori H, Agoujil S et al (2019) Hybrid delay tolerant network routing protocol for heterogeneous networks. J Netw Comput Appl 148:102456

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan

    Ghani Ur Rehman, Muhammad Inam Ul Haq & Muhammad Zubair

  2. Department of Computer Science, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan

    Zafar Mahmood

  3. Endicott College of International Studies, Woosong University, Daejeon, 300-718, Korea

    Madhusudan Singh

  4. Department of Electronics Engineering, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 449-791, Korea

    Dhananjay Singh

Authors
  1. Ghani Ur Rehman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muhammad Inam Ul Haq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Muhammad Zubair
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zafar Mahmood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Madhusudan Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Dhananjay Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

This work is carried out in collaboration between all authors. G.U.R and D.M.I.H performed a detailed study and analysis. D.S, Z.M, and M.S managed the literature searches. M.Z wrote the first draft of the manuscript in consultation with G.U.R. All Authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dhananjay Singh.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rehman, G.U., Haq, M.I.U., Zubair, M. et al. Misbehavior of nodes in IoT based vehicular delay tolerant networks VDTNs. Multimed Tools Appl 82, 7841–7859 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13624-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13624-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation