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Secure map legends based on just noticeable distortion and watermark bit recovery

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Abstract

An important component of cartography, the map legends can be a type of hybrid data with small data quantity and high precision. Therefore, its watermark method should be versatile to all map legend data types. In addition, its watermark should be robust, imperceivable, and small. In this regard, our study proposes a novel watermarking method of map legends for copyright protection. The data types of map legends are evaluated. According to the data types and just noticeable distortion tolerance, the watermark bit embedding positions of each data type are defined. A text watermark is adopted to reduce the number of watermark bits. By the watermark bit count, map legends are divided into groups to contain multiple watermarks. Meanwhile, a watermark bit recovery method is designed to fix the damaged watermark bits based on the extracted ones, which ensures greater robustness. The experimental results demonstrate the proposed method achieves the expected goal in terms of various types of attacks and image operations.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 41871305, and the National Key R & D Program of China, grant number 2017YFC0602204.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. China University of Geoscience, Wuhan, China

    Lin Zhou, Yuanyuan Liu, Zhanlong Chen & Peng Xie

  2. University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA

    Xiaohui Yuan

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  1. Lin Zhou
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  2. Xiaohui Yuan
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  3. Yuanyuan Liu
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  4. Zhanlong Chen
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  5. Peng Xie
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Correspondence to Xiaohui Yuan.

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Zhou, L., Yuan, X., Liu, Y. et al. Secure map legends based on just noticeable distortion and watermark bit recovery. Multimed Tools Appl 82, 29037–29056 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14452-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14452-8

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