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A novel multi-layer color image encryption based on RSA cryptosystem, RP2DFrHT and generalized 2D Arnold map

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Abstract

The biggest threat to information security is the irrelevant presence of eavesdroppers, unauthorized access, illegal acquisition and modification over the open wireless network. In this scenario, the demand for an effective encryption technique has become a critically significant issue and has gained a great deal of attention among cryptographers. To address this challenge, a novel asymmetric encryption technique is presented for multi-layer security of color image data consolidating the concepts of RSA cryptosystem, reality-preserving two-dimensional discrete fractional Hartley transform (RP2DFrHT) and generalized two-dimensional Arnold map. Firstly, the three planes of an RGB image (red, green and blue) are subjected to the RSA cryptosystem. The RSA cryptosystem makes the image secure in the geometrical domain and provides security with highly sensitive parameters such as public keys, private keys and their arrangements. Secondly, RP2DFrHT is implemented on the partially encrypted images to transform the former encrypted pixel into the RP2DFrHT domain over the digital environment. The reality-preserving property gives the guarantee of the real domain output image corresponding to the real domain input image. This makes the system efficient in terms of storage, display, computation and transmission over the digital domain. Lastly, the generalized 2D Arnold map is utilized to dislocate the co-ordinate information of the intermediate encrypted images. This map adds an extra layer of security and makes our system more robust. Earlier developed techniques are single-layer secured either in the frequency domain, geometrical domain, or spatial domain. However, the presented technique is multi-layer secured in the geometrical domain, frequency domain and co-ordinate domain. The protection of the presented technique is strengthened not only by the parameters of RSA, fractional orders and Arnold keys but also by the order in which they are arranged. Simulation analysis demonstrates the feasibility and robustness of our presented work. Security analysis validates that the presented technique has higher sensitivity towards its keys and their correct arrangements. To confirm the immunity against statistical-based attacks, entropy-based attacks and various classical-based attacks, statistical analysis is examined. Further, results obtained in comparison analysis proved that the presented approach outperforms as compared to other related approaches.

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  1. Department of Mathematics, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India

    Shazia Sabir & Vandana Guleria

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  1. Shazia Sabir
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  2. Vandana Guleria
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Sabir, S., Guleria, V. A novel multi-layer color image encryption based on RSA cryptosystem, RP2DFrHT and generalized 2D Arnold map. Multimed Tools Appl 82, 38509–38560 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14829-9

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