Abstract
In recent years, various chaotic image encryption algorithms have been proposed, but their security issues still need to be studied and reviewed. This paper implements a cryptographic security analysis on a color image encryption algorithm based on bit-level and improved one-dimensional chaotic map (CIEA-IOCM). In CIEA-IOCM, using the pseudo-random sequences generated by an improved one-dimensional chaotic map, bit-level permutation-diffusion and linear transformation are successively performed to get its cipher image from a plain image. Based on some seemingly good performance analysis results, CIEA-IOCM claimed that it can withstand various common attacks. However, after a cryptanalysis, we found that it can be completely cracked by a chosen-plaintext attack method. The most essential reason is that there are equivalent keys for both bit-level permutation and diffusion processes, and its linear transformation can be combined and simplified. Thus, we achieved a successful security attack by obtaining the equivalent keys. Moreover, the experimental results verify the effectiveness and efficiency of our method. Therefore, our research work can provide some positive and valuable references for improving the security of chaotic image encryption algorithms.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ali TS, Ali R (2020) A new chaos based color image encryption algorithm using permutation substitution and boolean operation. Multimed Tools Appl 79 (27-28):19853–19873
Aqeel-ur-Rehman, Liao X, Hahsmi MA, Haider R (2018) An efficient mixed inter-intra pixels substitution at 2bits-level for image encryption technique using dna and chaos. Optik 153:117–134
Bouteghrine B, Tanougast C, Sadoudi S (2021) Novel image encryption algorithm based on new 3-d chaos map. Multimed Tools Appl 80(17):25583–25605
Cao C, Sun K, Liu W (2018) A novel bit-level image encryption algorithm based on 2d-licm hyperchaotic map. Signal Process 143:122–133
Chai X, Gan Z, Yuan K, Chen Y, Liu X (2019) A novel image encryption scheme based on dna sequence operations and chaotic systems. Neural Comput Appl 31(1):219–237
Chai X, Zheng X, Gan Z, Han D, Chen Y (2018) An image encryption algorithm based on chaotic system and compressive sensing. Signal Process 148:124–144
Dai J-Y, Ma Y, Zhou N-R (2021) Quantum multi-image compression-encryption scheme based on quantum discrete cosine transform and 4d hyper-chaotic henon map. Quantum Inf Process 20(7)
Diaconu A-V (2016) Circular inter-intra pixels bit-level permutation and chaos-based image encryption. Inf Sci 355-356:314–327
Farah MAB, Guesmi R, Kachouri A, Samet M (2020) A novel chaos based optical image encryption using fractional fourier transform and dna sequence operation. Opt Laser Technol 121:105777
Fridrich J (1998) Symmetric ciphers based on two-dimensional chaotic maps. Int J Bifurc Chaos Appl Sci Eng 8(6):1259–1284
Fu C, Huang J-B, Wang N-N, Hou Q-B, Lei W-M (2014) A symmetric chaos-based image cipher with an improved bit-level permutation strategy. Entropy 16(2):770–788
Kamrani A, Zenkouar K, Najah S (2020) A new set of image encryption algorithms based on discrete orthogonal moments and chaos theory. Multimed Tools Appl 79(27-28):20263–79
Kengnou Telem AN, Fotsin HB, Kengne J (2021) Image encryption algorithm based on dynamic dna coding operations and 3d chaotic systems. Multimed Tools Appl 80(12):19011–19041
Li Y, Wang C, Chen H (2017) A hyper-chaos-based image encryption algorithm using pixel-level permutation and bit-level permutation. Opt Lasers Eng 90:238–246
Liu H, Wang X (2011) Color image encryption using spatial bit-level permutation and high-dimension chaotic system. Opt Commun 284(16-17):3895–3903
Matthews R (1989) On the derivation of a “chaotic” encryption algorithm. Cryptologia 13(1):29–42
Pak C, An K, Jang P, Kim J, Kim S (2019) A novel bit-level color image encryption using improved 1d chaotic map. Multimed Tools Appl 78(9)
Shafique A, Shahid J (2018) Novel image encryption cryptosystem based on binary bit planes extraction and multiple chaotic maps. Eur Phys J Plus 133(8):331
Shannon CE (1949) Communication theory of secrecy systems. Bell Syst Tech J 28(4):655–715. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1949.tb00928.x
Sun S (2018) A novel hyperchaotic image encryption scheme based on dna encoding, pixel-level scrambling and bit-level scrambling. IEEE Photonics J 10 (2):7201714
Teng L, Wang X, Meng J (2018) A chaotic color image encryption using integrated bit-level permutation. Multimed Tools Appl 77(6):6883–6896
Valli D, Ganesan K (2017) Chaos based video encryption using maps and ikeda time delay system. Eur Phys J Plus 132(12):542
Wang Y, Li X-W, Wang Q-H (2021) Integral imaging based optical image encryption using ca-dna algorithm. IEEE Photo J 13(2):1–12
Wang L, Ran Q, Ma J (2020) Double quantum color images encryption scheme based on dqrci. Multimed Tools Appl 79(9-10):6661–6687
Wang S, Wang C, Xu C (2020) An image encryption algorithm based on a hidden attractor chaos system and the knuth–durstenfeld algorithm. Opt Lasers Eng 128:105995
Wang Y, Zhao Y, Zhou Q, Lin Z (2018) Image encryption using partitioned cellular automata. Neurocomputing 275:1318–1332
Wen H, Yu S (2019) Cryptanalysis of an image encryption cryptosystem based on binary bit planes extraction and multiple chaotic maps. Eur Phys J Plus 134(7):337
Wen H, Xu J, Liao Y, Chen R, Shen D, Wen L, Shi Y, Lin Q, Liang Z, Zhang S, Liu Y, Huo A, Li T, Cai C, Wen J, Zhang C (2021) A security-enhanced image communication scheme using cellular neural network. Entropy 23(8)
Wen H, Zhang C, Chen P, Chen R, Xu J, Liao Y, Liang Z, Shen D, Zhou L, Ke J (2021) A quantum chaotic image cryptosystem and its application in iot secure communication. IEEE Access 9:20481–20492
Wen H, Zhang C, Huang L, Ke J, Xiong D (2021) Security analysis of a color image encryption algorithm using a fractional-order chaos. Entropy 23(2)
Wen H, Yu S, Luuml J (2019) Breaking an image encryption algorithm based on dna encoding and spatiotemporal chaos. Entropy 21(3):246
Wu J, Liao X, Yang B (2018) Image encryption using 2d hénon-sine map and dna approach. Signal Process 153:11–23
Xie EY, Li C, Yu S, Lu J (2017) On the cryptanalysis of fridrich’s chaotic image encryption scheme. Signal Process 132:150–154
Xu L, Li Z, Li J, Hua W (2016) A novel bit-level image encryption algorithm based on chaotic maps. Opt Lasers Eng 78:17–25
Zhang Y-Q, Wang X-Y (2014) Analysis and improvement of a chaos-based symmetric image encryption scheme using a bit-level permutation. Nonlinear Dyn 77(3):687–698
Zhang LY, Liu Y, Wang C, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Chen G (2018) Improved known-plaintext attack to permutation-only multimedia ciphers. Inf Sci 430-431:228–239
Zhang Y, Xiao D (2014) An image encryption scheme based on rotation matrix bit-level permutation and block diffusion. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul 19(1):74–82
Zhang Y, Xiao D (2014) An image encryption scheme based on rotation matrix bit-level permutation and block diffusion. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul 19(1):74–82
Zhu Z-L, Zhang W, Wong K-W, Yu H (2011) A chaos-based symmetric image encryption scheme using a bit-level permutation. Inf Sci 181(6):1171–1186
Funding
This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant 62071088, in part by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under Grant 2023A1515011717, and in part by Project for Zhongshan Science and Technology under Grant 2021B2062.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wen, H., Chen, R., Yang, J. et al. Security analysis of a color image encryption based on bit-level and chaotic map. Multimed Tools Appl 83, 4133–4149 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14921-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14921-0