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Analysis of large-deviation multifractal spectral properties through successive compression for double JPEG detection

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Abstract

Modern commercial software tools have the ability to deceive a viewer who is unable to determine whether the image content is authentic or not. Research on visual traces, image modifications as attacks, and possible misleading forensic analysis in practice, led to reexamining common used formats, like JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) compressed images. This is one of the most popular image and media formats on the Internet that convey information that cannot be easily trusted. Recompression is one of the fundamental aspects to be investigated, where double JPEG (DJPEG) compression is analyzed through spectral and statistical properties. State-of-the-art methods use coefficients to employ characteristics, like periodicity in histogram spectra for various quality factors (QFs). Some of the studies consider only DJPEG estimations when primary QF is less than in a latter case or when the same quantization matrix is applied. In this paper DJPEG and SJPEG (single JPEG) images are considered through large-deviation spectrum method (LDSM) and rounding and truncating (RT) errors, where additional two successive compressions are employed. The proposed methodology gives promising way to address classification between SJPEG and DJPEG. The test results are obtained on publically available image sets and show the effectiveness of the proposed approach with low number of features compared to other available methods.

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Data availability

The datasets analyzed during the current study are/have been available at https://qualinet.github.io/databases/image/uncompressed_colour_image_database_ucid/, https://www.flickr.com/photos/usdagov/collections/72157624326158670/, http://loki.disi.unitn.it/RAISE/, and/or necessary information can be found in ref. [10, 38, 44]. The Lena image can be downloaded from: https://www.imageprocessingplace.com/root_files_V3/image_databases.htm

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  1. University of Belgrade - School of Electrical Engineering, Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73, Belgrade, 11120, Serbia

    Ana Gavrovska

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Gavrovska, A. Analysis of large-deviation multifractal spectral properties through successive compression for double JPEG detection. Multimed Tools Appl 82, 36255–36277 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15130-5

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