Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Analysis of tribological and mechanical properties of coated graphene oxide, tungsten disulphide reinforced nylon hybrid composites

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nylon with various reinforcements is utilized for composite gear preparation; however, the composite specimens have less strength and a higher wear rate. Moreover, the materials and processing costs are high when selecting various mix proportions. Hence, this research has examined the impacts of adding Graphene oxide (GO) and Tungsten disulphide (TD) with Nylon 66 (PA66) on the tribological and mechanical properties. The research aims to identify the best hybrid nylon-reinforced composite specimen for composite gear manufacturing. The GO was prepared by the Modified Hummers-based method and coated with epoxy resin by dip coating. Further, a novel Decision Buffalo-based Mix Selection (DBbMS) has been developed for selecting the best mix proportions to reduce the processing time and material cost. The test specimens are set up by varying the rates of coated GO and TD blended with PA66. In addition, the test examples for tribological and mechanical tests were shaped using an injection moulding machine. The mechanical and tribological properties of PA66, TD, and GO mixed with PA66 hybrid composites were identified. The PA66 composite with 4wt% TD and 15wt% coated GO (PTO-3) uncovered better strengths and higher wear and erosion resistance. In this work, PTO-3 hybrid composite material has been utilized for gear manufacturing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ahmadijokani F, Shojaei A, Dordanihaghighi S et al (2020) Effects of hybrid carbon-aramid fiber on performance of non-asbestos organic brake friction composites. Wear 452:203280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ali MKA, Hou X, Abdelkareem MAA (2020) Anti-wear properties evaluation of frictional sliding interfaces in automobile engines lubricated by copper/graphene nanolubricants. Friction 8:905–916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-019-0308-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Balaji KV, Shirvanimoghaddam K, Rajan GS, Ellis AV, Naebe M (2020) Surface treatment of Basalt fiber for use in automotive composites. Mater Today Chem 17:100334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Chen S, Wang X, Zhu G et al (2021) Developing multi-wall carbon nanotubes/Fusion-bonded epoxy powder nanocomposite coatings with superior anti-corrosion and mechanical properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 628:127309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Chen D, Cao X, Tiwari SK, Ola O, Wang N, Zhu Y (2022) Mechanical and thermal degradation behavior of inorganic fullerene-liked tungsten disulfide reinforced perfluoroalkoxy/poly (ether-ether-ketone) nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 203:110041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Dabees S, Tirth V, Mohamed A, Kamel BM (2021) Wear performance and mechanical properties of MWCNT/HDPE nanocomposites for gearing applications. J Mater Res Technol 12:2476–2488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.09.129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Gupta MK, Song Q, Liu Z et al (2020) Machining characteristics based life cycle assessment in eco-benign turning of pure titanium alloy. J Clean Prod 251:119598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hirai T, Yagi K, Nakai K et al (2021) Transparent thermoplastic composite from a refractive index-adjustable polymer blend. Compos B Eng 225:109258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hriberšek M, Kulovec S (2021) Thermal and durability characterization of polyacetal and polyamide gear pairs. J Mech Sci Technol 35:3389–3394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-021-0712-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kim M, Lee J, Cho M, Kim J (2022) Improvement of thermal and abrasion resistance performance of polyphenylene sulfide composite through 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane treatment of carbon fiber and graphene oxide fillers. Polym Testing 108:107517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Kumar S, Sathees (2021) Wear, friction behaviour and thermal characteristics of tungsten carbide reinforced polyamide composites for gear applications. Mater Today-Proc 37:3352–3358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kumar S, Sathees CCN, Nithya M (2021) Processing and mechanical performances of ZrO2 reinforced thermoplastic Nylon 6 composites for gear applications. Mater Today-Proc 37:3038–3044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.777

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kunishima T, Kurokawa T, Arai H et al (2020) Reactive extrusion mechanism, mechanical and tribological behavior of fiber reinforced polyamide 66 with added carbodiimide. Mater Des 188:108447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kunishima T, Nagai Y, Bouvard G et al (2021) Comparison of the tribological properties of carbon/glass fiber reinforced PA66-based composites in contact with steel, with and without grease lubrication. Wear 477:203899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2021.203899

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kunishima T, Nagai S, Kurokawa T et al (2021) (2021) Effects of temperature and addition of zinc carboxylate to grease on the tribological properties of PA66 in contact with carbon steel. Tribol Int 153:106578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kunishima T, Nagai S, Kurokawa T, Galipaud J et al (2021) Effects of temperature and addition of zinc carboxylate to grease on the tribological properties of PA66 in contact with carbon steel. Tribol Int 153:106578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Landi L, Stecconi A, Morettini G, Cianetti F (2021) Analytical procedure for the optimization of plastic gear tooth root. Mech Mach Theory 166:104496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2021.104496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Li J, Chen P, Wang Y (2021) Tribological and corrosion performance of epoxy resin composite coatings reinforced with graphene oxide and fly ash cenospheres. J Appl Polym Sci 138(11):50042. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.50042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Liu H, Liu H, Zhu C, Parker RG (2020) Effects of lubrication on gear performance: A review. Mech Mach Theory 145:103701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2019.103701

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Panhalkar AR, Doye DD (2021) Optimization of decision trees using modified African buffalo algorithm. J King Saud Univ - Comput Inf Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.01.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ramanjaneyulu S, Suman KNS, Kumar SP, Babu VS (2017) Design and development of graphene reinforced acetal copolymer plastic gears and its performance evaluation. Mater Today: Proc 4(8):8678–8687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.07.216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Shanmugam V, Das O, Babu K, Marimuthu U et al (2021) Fatigue behaviour of FDM-3D printed polymers, polymeric composites and architected cellular materials. Int J Fatigue 143:106007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.106007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Trobentar B, Kulovec S, Hlebanja G, Glodež S (2020) Experimental failure analysis of S-polymer gears. Eng Fail Anal 111:104496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Verma C, Olasunkanmi LO, Akpan ED et al (2020) Epoxy resins as anticorrosive polymeric materials: A review. React Funct Polym 156:104741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104741

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Virmani K, Deepak C, Sharma S et al (2021) (2021) Nanomaterials for automotive outer panel components: a review. Eur Phys J Plus 136:921. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01931-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Walker S, Rothman R (2020) Life cycle assessment of bio-based and fossil-based plastic: A review. J Clean Prod 261 (2020) 121158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121158

  27. Wang L, Tieu AK, Zhu H et al (2020) The effect of expanded graphite with sodium metasilicate as lubricant at high temperature. Carbon 159:345–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.12.034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Xie M, Wang L, Huang Y (2021) Design and Performance Study of Clutch Disc Assembly of Wide-Angle, Large-Hysteresis. Multistage Damper Chin J Mech Eng 34(1):1–13

    Google Scholar 

  29. Zhou H, Zhang J, Zhou Y et al (2021) A feature selection algorithm of decision tree based on feature weight. Expert Syst Appl 164:113842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Zorko D (2021) Investigation on the high-cycle tooth bending fatigue and thermo-mechanical behavior of polymer gears with a progressive curved path of contact. Int J Fatigue 151:106394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2021.106394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Zorko D, Demšar I, Tavčar J (2021) An investigation on the potential of bio-based polymers for use in polymer gear transmissions. Polym Test 93:106994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106994

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Zorko D, Tavčar J, Bizjak M et al (2021) High cycle fatigue behaviour of autoclave-cured woven carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composite gears. Polym Test 102:107339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107339

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology and Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

    Phani Kumar Simhadri & Suman KNS

Authors
  1. Phani Kumar Simhadri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Suman KNS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Phani Kumar Simhadri.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All applicable institutional and/or national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

Informed Consent

For this type of study formal consent is not required.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Simhadri, P., KNS, S. Analysis of tribological and mechanical properties of coated graphene oxide, tungsten disulphide reinforced nylon hybrid composites. Multimed Tools Appl 82, 42485–42508 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15218-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15218-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation