Abstract
In this paper, we propose a method for abnormal event detection in videos based on Multi-scale Pyramid Grid Templates (MPGT). Unlike traditional methods that usually finish anomaly detection based on a single scale feature, we propose to detect anomalies with a designed multi-scale normalized motion feature in the framework of MPGT. In our work, two scene models are proposed, including a global model and an online model, because the anomalies often occur in regions with moving objects. In addition, we propose a fast method for computing high-scale motion features using a convolution operation based on the first scale feature, and design a scheme for combining the detection results at different scales using vote and pyramid strategies. Experiments on public datasets show that our method has a balanced performance on all the testing datasets.







Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The results have been retained with two significant digits, for that we obtain the performance from different references, where some of the detection values only have two significant digits.
References
Adam A, Rivlin E, Shimshoni I, Reinitz D (2008) Robust real-time unusual event detection using multiple fixed-location monitors. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 30(3):555–560
Basharat A, Gritai A, Shah M (2008) Learning object motion patterns for anomaly detection and improved object detection. In: 2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1–8
Chatfield K, Simonyan K, Vedaldi A, Zisserman A, Valstar MF, French AP, Pridmore TP (2014) Return of the devil in the details: delving deep into convolutional nets. In: Valstar MF, French AP, Pridmore TP (eds) British Machine Vision Conference, BMVC 2014, Nottingham, UK, September 1–5, 2014. BMVA Press
Cong Y, Yuan J, Liu J (2011) Sparse reconstruction cost for abnormal event detection, 3449–3456
Cong Y, Yuan J, Tang Y (2013) Video anomaly search in crowded scenes via spatio-temporal motion context. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 8(10):1590–1599
Dalal N, Triggs B (2005) Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. IEEE Computer Society, 886–893
Dutta JK, Banerjee B, Bonet B, Koenig S (2015) Online detection of abnormal events using incremental coding length. In: Bonet B, Koenig S (eds) Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, January 25-30, 2015, Austin, Texas, USA. AAAI Press, pp 3755–3761
Farnebäck G, Bigün J, Gustavsson T (2003) Two-frame motion estimation based on polynomial expansion. In: Bigün J, Gustavsson T (eds) Image Analysis, 13th Scandinavian Conference, SCIA 2003, Halmstad, Sweden, June 29 - July 2, 2003, Proceedings, vol 2749. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, pp 363–370
Gandhi T, Trivedi MM (2007) Pedestrian protection systems: issues, survey, and challenges. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 8(3):413–430
Giorno AD, Bagnell JA, Hebert M (2016) A discriminative framework for anomaly detection in large videos. In: Leibe B, Matas J, Sebe N et al (eds) Computer Vision - ECCV 2016–14th European Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, October 11–14, 2016, Proceedings, Part V, vol 9909. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, pp 334–349
Hasan M, Choi J, Neumann J, Roy-Chowdhury AK, Davis LS (2016) Learning temporal regularity in video sequences. IEEE Computer Society, 733–742
He C, Shao J, Sun J (2018) An anomaly-introduced learning method for abnormal event detection. Multim Tools Appl 77(22):29573–29588
Hu W et al (2006) A system for learning statistical motion patterns. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 28(9):1450–1464
Hu X, Huang Y, Gao X, Luo L, Duan Q (2019) Squirrel-cage local binary pattern and its application in video anomaly detection. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 14(4):1007–1022
Hu Y, Zhang Y, Davis LS (2013) Unsupervised abnormal crowd activity detection using semiparametric scan statistic. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR Workshops 2013, Portland, OR, USA, June 23-28, 2013, pp 767–774
Ionescu RT, Smeureanu S, Alexe B, Popescu M (2017) Unmasking the abnormal events in video. 2914–2922
Ionescu RT, Khan FS, Georgescu M, Shao L (2019) Object-centric auto-encoders and dummy anomalies for abnormal event detection in video. Computer Vision Foundation / IEEE, 7842–7851
Johnson N, Hogg DC (1996) Learning the distribution of object trajectories for event recognition. Image Vis Comput 14(8):609–615
Kim J, Grauman K (2009) Observe locally, infer globally: a space-time MRF for detecting abnormal activities with incremental updates. 2921–2928
Kratz L, Nishino K (2009) Anomaly detection in extremely crowded scenes using spatio-temporal motion pattern models. 1446–1453
Lazebnik S, Schmid C, Ponce J (2006) Beyond bags of features: Spatial pyramid matching for recognizing natural scene categories. IEEE Computer Society, 2169–2178
Li N, Chang F (2019) Video anomaly detection and localization via multivariate gaussian fully convolution adversarial autoencoder. Neurocomputing 369:92–105
Li N, Guo H, Xu D, Wu X (2014) Multi-scale analysis of contextual information within spatio-temporal video volumes for anomaly detection. IEEE, 2363–2367
Li S, Liu C, Yang Y (2018) Anomaly detection based on maximum a posteriori. Pattern Recognit Lett 107:91–97
Lin T et al (2017) Feature pyramid networks for object detection. IEEE Computer Society, 936–944
Liu W, Luo W, Lian D, Gao S (2018) Future frame prediction for anomaly detection - a new baseline. IEEE Computer Society, 6536–6545
Liu W, Luo W, Li Z, Zhao P, Gao S, Kraus S (2019) Margin learning embedded prediction for video anomaly detection with a few anomalies. In: Kraus S (ed) Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 2019, Macao, China, August 10-16, 2019. ijcai.org, pp 3023–3030
Lu C, Shi J, Jia J (2013) Abnormal event detection at 150 FPS in MATLAB. 2720–2727
Luo W, Liu W, Gao S (2017a) Remembering history with convolutional LSTM for anomaly detection. IEEE Computer Society, 439–444
Luo W, Liu W, Gao S (2017b) A revisit of sparse coding based anomaly detection in stacked RNN framework. IEEE Computer Society, 341–349
Mahadevan V, Li W, Bhalodia V, Vasconcelos N (2010) Anomaly detection in crowded scenes. 1975–1981
Medioni GG, Cohen I, Brémond F, Hongeng S, Nevatia R (2001) Event detection and analysis from video streams. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 23(8):873–889
Mehran R, Oyama A, Shah M (2009) Abnormal crowd behavior detection using social force model. 935–942
Mo X, Monga V, Bala R, Fan Z (2014) Adaptive sparse representations for video anomaly detection. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Techn 24(4):631–645
Otsu N (1979) A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 1:62–66
Nguyen T, Meunier J (2019) Anomaly detection in video sequence with appearance-motion correspondence. IEEE, 1273–1283
Pang G, Shen C, van den Hengel A, Teredesai A et al (2019) Deep anomaly detection with deviation networks. In: Teredesai A, Kumar V, Li Y, et al (eds) Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, KDD 2019, Anchorage, AK, USA, August 4-8, 2019. ACM, pp 353–362
Pang G, Yan C, Shen C, van den Hengel A, Bai X (2020) Self-trained deep ordinal regression for end-to-end video anomaly detection. IEEE, 12170–12179
Piciarelli C, Micheloni C, Foresti GL (2008) Trajectory-based anomalous event detection. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Techn 18(11):1544–1554
Reddy V, Sanderson C, Lovell BC (2011) Improved anomaly detection in crowded scenes via cell-based analysis of foreground speed, size and texture. IEEE Computer Society, 55–61
Ronneberger O, Fischer P, Brox T, Navab N, Hornegger J, III WMW, Frangi AF (2015) U-net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In: Navab N, Hornegger J, III WMW, Frangi AF (eds) Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - MICCAI 2015 - 18th International Conference Munich, Germany, October 5 - 9, 2015, Proceedings, Part III, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 9351. Springer, pp 234–241
Shi X, et al (2015) Convolutional LSTM network: a machine learning approach for precipitation nowcasting. In: Cortes C, Lawrence ND, Lee DD, Sugiyama M, Garnett R (eds) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2015, December 7-12, 2015, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, pp 802–810
Sultani W, Chen C, Shah M (2018) Real-world anomaly detection in surveillance videos. IEEE Computer Society, pp 6479–6488
Tran H, Hogg DC (2017) Anomaly detection using a convolutional winner-take-all autoencoder. In: British Machine Vision Conference 2017, BMVC 2017, London, UK, September 4-7, 2017. BMVA Press
Vu H, Nguyen TD, Le T, et al (2019) Robust anomaly detection in videos using multilevel representations. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 33(01):5216–5223
Wang T et al (2019) Generative neural networks for anomaly detection in crowded scenes. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 14(5):1390–1399
Xu J, Denman S, Sridharan S, Fookes C, Rana R (2011) Dynamic texture reconstruction from sparse codes for unusual event detection in crowded scenes. J-MRE ’11, pp 25–30
Yang J, Yu K, Gong Y, Huang TS (2009) Linear spatial pyramid matching using sparse coding for image classification. IEEE Computer Society, 1794–1801
Yu B, Liu Y, Sun Q (2017) A content-adaptively sparse reconstruction method for abnormal events detection with low-rank property. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst 47(4):704–716
Yuan Y, Feng Y, Lu X (2017) Statistical hypothesis detector for abnormal event detection in crowded scenes. IEEE Trans Cybern 47(11):3597–3608
Zhang H, Ngo C (2019) A fine granularity object-level representation for event detection and recounting. IEEE Trans Multim 21(6):1450–1463
Zhang Y, Lu H, Zhang L, Ruan X (2016) Combining motion and appearance cues for anomaly detection. Pattern Recogn 51:443–452
Zhao B, Li F, Xing EP (2011) Online detection of unusual events in videos via dynamic sparse coding. CVPR 2011, Colorado Springs, CO, USA, 2011, pp. 3313–3320. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2011.5995524
Zhou JT, Du J, Zhu H et al (2019) Anomalynet: An anomaly detection network for video surveillance. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 14(10):2537–2550
Acknowledgements
This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61402049), Science and Technology Research Project of the Department of Education of Liaoning Province (LJKZ1019) and Social Science Planning Fund of Liaoning Province (L21BGL002).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Li, S., Cheng, Y., Zhao, L. et al. Anomaly detection with multi-scale pyramid grid templates. Multimed Tools Appl 83, 9929–9947 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15569-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15569-6