Abstract
The exponential growth and wide-area applications of the Internet of Things have garnered a lot of interest from academics and industries, thus becoming one of the most actively studied research paradigms in recent years. Internet of Things is a concept that builds an inter-connected environment where physical devices collect data from the surroundings and customize it to our requirements. It is known for its fast processing and quick response. Edge computing is a platform that performs the computations on the data supplied by the Internet of Thing devices at the network edge that leads to real-time processing. Despite its advantages, privacy protection and security challenges remain a critical concern that must be addressed. This paper aims to give a comprehensive review on cryptographic schemes used for securing edge computing. In particular, we first present a concept of edge computing in the context of IoT including architecture and advantages over cloud computing. We have explored various encryption techniques like identity-based encryption, attribute-based encryption, searchable encryption, and homomorphic encryption that secure the sensitive data before processing it at the network edge. Various parameters of each encryption technique, such as the length of the public key, private key, and ciphetext, are compared. Computational complexity of encryption and decryption is also included in our comparative study. Although many review papers focused on authentication and authorization challenges, this review on encryption techniques in context of edge security was highly needed. We have also looked at some of the other review papers and compared them to our survey to show how important it is.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.
References
Aazam M, Huh EN (2015) E-HAMC: Leveraging Fog computing for emergency alert service. In: 2015 IEEE international conference on pervasive computing and communication workshops (percom workshops), IEEE, pp 518–523. https://doi.org/10.1109/PERCOMW.2015.7134091
Abdalla M, Dent AW, Malone-Lee J, Neven G, Phan DH, Smart NP (2007) Identity-based traitor tracing. In: International workshop on public key cryptography, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 361–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71677-8_24
Adil M, Khan MK (2021) Emerging iot applications in sustainable smart cities for covid-19. Network security and data preservation challenges with future directions. Sustain Cities Soc 75:103311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103311
Adil M, Khan MK, Jadoon MM, Attique M, Song H, Farouk A (2022) An AI-enabled hybrid lightweight authentication scheme for intelligent ioMT based Cyber-physical systems. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering
Ai Y, Peng M, Zhang K (2018) Edge computing technologies for internet of things: a primer. Digit Commun Netw 4(2):77–86
Al-Dahhan RR, Shi Q, Lee GM, Kifayat K (2019) Survey on revocation in ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption. Sensors 19 (7):1695. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19071695
Alrawais A, Alhothaily A, Hu C, Xing X, Cheng X (2017) An attribute-based encryption scheme to secure fog communications. IEEE access 5:9131–9138
Alwarafy A, Al-Thelaya KA, Abdallah M, Schneider J, Hamdi M (2020) A survey on security and privacy issues in edge-computing-assisted internet of things. IEEE Int Things J 8(6):4004–4022
Bhat SA, Sofi IB, Chi CY (2020) Edge computing and its convergence with blockchain in 5G and beyond: security, challenges, and opportunities. IEEE Access 8:205340–205373
Blaze M, Bleumer G, Strauss M (1998) Divertible protocols and atomic proxy cryptography. In: International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 127–144
Boneh D, Di Crescenzo G, Ostrovsky R, Persiano G (2004) Public key encryption with keyword search. In: International conference on the theory and applications of cryptographic techniques, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 506–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24676-3_30
Boneh D, Waters B (2007) Conjunctive, subset, and range queries on encrypted data. In: Theory of cryptography conference, Springer, Berlin. Heidelberg, pp 535–554
Cao N, Wang C, Li M, Ren K, Lou W (2013) Privacy-preserving multi-keyword ranked search over encrypted cloud data. IEEE Trans parallel Distrib Comput 25(1):222–233. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2013.45
Caprolu M, Di Pietro R, Lombardi F, Raponi S (2019) Edge computing perspectives: architectures, technologies, and open security issues. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Edge Computing (EDGE). IEEE, pp 116–123
Chang Z, Liu S, Xiong X, Cai Z, Tu G (2021) A survey of recent advances in edge-computing-powered artificial intelligence of things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal
Chen Q, Fan K, Zhang K, Wang H, Li H, Yang Y (2020) Privacy-preserving searchable encryption in the intelligent edge computing. Comput Commun 164:31–41
Chen YC, Xie X, Wang PS, Tso R (2019) Witness-based searchable encryption with optimal overhead for cloud-edge computing. Future Gener Comput Syst 100:715–723
Cirani S, Ferrari G, Veltri L (2013) Enforcing security mechanisms in the IP-based internet of things: An algorithmic overview. Algorithms 6 (2):197–226. https://doi.org/10.3390/a6020197
Damgård I, Jurik M (2001) A generalisation, a simplification and some applications of Paillier’s probabilistic public-key system. In: International workshop on public key cryptography, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 119-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44586-2_9
Delerablée C (2007) Identity-based broadcast encryption with constant size ciphertexts and private keys. In: International conference on the theory and application of cryptology and information security, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 200–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76900-2_12
Dyer J, Dyer M, Xu J (2019) Practical homomorphic encryption over the integers for secure computation in the cloud. Int J Inf Secur 18(5):549–579
Faisal M, Ali I, Khan MS, Kim SM, Kim J (2020) Establishment of trust in internet of things by integrating trusted platform module: to counter cybersecurity challenges complexity
Farjana N, Roy S, Mahi MJN, Whaiduzzaman M (2020) An identity-based encryption scheme for data security in fog computing. In: Proceedings of international joint conference on computational intelligence, Springer, Singapore, pp 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7564-4_19
Farooq MU, Waseem M, Mazhar S, Khairi A, Kamal T (2015) A review on internet of things (IoT). Int J Comput Appl 113(1):1–7
Fun TS, Samsudin A (2017) An efficient ElGamal encryption scheme based on polynomial modular arithmetic in \(\text F_ 2^{\text n} \). In: International conference on computational science and technology, Springer, Singapore, pp 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8276-4_10
Gaikwad SS, Buchade AR (2016) Homomorphic encryption approach for cloud data security. Int Res J Eng Tech (IRJET) 3(09):105–111
Galbraith SD (2002) Elliptic curve Paillier schemes. J Cryptol 15(2):129–138. https://doi.org10.1007/s00145-001-0015-6
Gong C, Li M, Zhao L, Guo Z, Han G (2018) Homomorphic evaluation of the integer arithmetic operations for mobile edge computing. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8142102
Gubbi J, Buyya R, Marusic S, Palaniswami M (2013) Internet of Things (iot): a vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Gener Comput Syst 29(7):1645–1660
Gupta S, Garg R, Gupta N, Alnumay WS, Ghosh U, Sharma PK (2021) Energy-efficient dynamic homomorphic security scheme for fog computing in IoT networks. J Inf Secur Appl 58:102768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2021.102768
Hagen MVD, Lucia B (2021) Practical encrypted computing for IoT clients. Cornell University. pp 1–13. arXiv:2103.06743. Accessed 11 Mar 2021
Hartmann M, Hashmi US, Imran A (2022) Edge computing in smart health care systems: Review, challenges, and research directions. Trans Emerging Telecommun Technol 33(3):e3710
Husain BH, Askar S (2021) Survey on edge computing security. Int J Sci Bus 5(3):52–60
Jiang Y, Susilo W, Mu Y, Guo F (2016) Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption with key-delegation abuse resistance. In: Australasian conference on information security and privacy, springer, pp 477–494, (2016). Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40253-6_29
Jiang Y, Susilo W, Mu Y, Guo F (2018) Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption against key-delegation abuse in fog computing. Futur Gener Comput Syst 78:720–729
Kars BN (2021) Edge Computing Security with an IoT device. J Emerging Comput Technol 1(1):14–17
Kawachi A, Tanaka K, Xagawa K (2007) Multi-bit cryptosystems based on lattice problems. In: International workshop on public key cryptography, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 315–329
Khan A (2016) Overview of security in internet of things. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International conference on recent trends in engineering science and management, Bundi, Rajasthan, India. vol 10
Kim J, Camtepe S, Susilo W, Nepal S, Baek J (2019) Identity-based broadcast encryption with outsourced partial decryption for hybrid security models in edge computing. In: Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Asia conference on computer and communications security, pp 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1145/3321705.3329825
Lai J, Mu Y, Guo F, Susilo W, Chen R (2016) Anonymous identity-based broadcast encryption with revocation for file sharing. In: Australasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy, Springer, Cham, pp 223–239
Li H, Jing T (2019) A lightweight fine-grained searchable encryption scheme in fog-based healthcare IoT networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1019767
Li J, Lin X, Zhang Y, Han J (2016) KSF-OABE: outsourced Attribute-based encryption with keyword search function for cloud storage. IEEE Trans Serv Comput 10(5):715–725
Li J, Song D, Chen S, Lu X (2012) A simple fully homomorphic encryption scheme available in cloud computing. In: 2012 IEEE 2nd International conference on cloud computing and intelligence systems. IEEE, vol 1, pp 214–217. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCIS.2012.6664399
Liu B, Luo Z, Chen H, Li C (2022) A Survey of State-of-the-Art on edge computing: theoretical models technologies directions, and development paths. IEEE Access
Liu ZY, Tseng YF, Tso R, Mambo M (2021) Designated-ciphertext searchable encryption. J Inf Secur Appl 58:102709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2020.102709
Mannanuddin K, Kumar MR, Aluvala S, Nagender Y, Vishali S (2020) Fundamental perception of EDGE computing. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, IOP Publishing. (981, 2, 022035)
Miao Y, Liu X, Deng RH, Wu H, Li H, Li J, Wu D (2019) Hybrid keyword-field search with efficient key management for industrial internet of things. IEEE Trans Industr Inform 15(6):3206–3217. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2018.2877146
Mukherjee M, Matam R, Mavromoustakis CX, Jiang H, Mastorakis G, Guo M (2020) Intelligent edge computing: security and privacy challenges. IEEE Commun Mag 58(9):26–31
Murugesan A, Saminathan B, Al-Turjman F, Kumar RL (2021) Analysis on homomorphic technique for data security in fog computing. Trans Emerging Telecommun Technol 32(9):e3990
Nain G, Pattanaik K, Sharma GK (2022) Towards edge computing in intelligent manufacturing: past, present and future. J Manuf Syst 62:588–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2022.01.010
Naucke J, Hunt H, Crawford J, Steffinlongo E, Masters O, Bergamaschi F (2019) Homomorphically securing AI at the edge. In: Proceedings of the 1st International workshop on challenges in artificial intelligence and machine learning for internet of things, pp 32–38
Nikravan M, Kashani MH (2022) A review on trust management in fog/edge computing: techniques, trends, and challenges. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, pp 103402
Okamoto T, Uchiyama S (1998) A new public-key cryptosystem as secure as factoring. In: International conference on the theory and applications of cryptographic techniques, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 308–318
Oladunni T, Sharma S (2019) Homomorphic encryption and data security in the cloud. In: Proceedings of 28th International conference, vol 64, pp 129–138
Paillier P (1999) Public-key cryptosystems based on composite degree residuosity classes. In: International conference on the theory and applications of cryptographic techniques, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 223–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48910-X_16
Peralta G, Cid-Fuentes RG, Bilbao J, Crespo PM (2019) Homomorphic encryption and network coding in IOT architectures: advantages and future challenges. Electronics 8(8):827
Ranaweera P, Jurcut AD, Liyanage M (2021) Survey on multi-access edge computing security and privacy. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 23 (2):1078–1124
Regev O (2009) On lattices, learning with errors, random linear codes, and cryptography. J ACM (JACM) 56(6):1–40. https://doi.org/10.1145/1568318.1568324
Rivest RL, Shamir A, Adleman L (1978) A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems. Commun ACM 21(2):120–126. https://doi.org/10.1145/359340.359342
Sakai R, Furukawa J (2007) Identity-based Broadcast encryption IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2007, 217
Satyanarayanan M (2017) The emergence of edge computing. Computer 50(1):30–39
Shamir A (1984) Identity-based cryptosystems and signature schemes. In: Workshop on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-39568-7_5
Shi Y, Liu J, Han Z, Zheng Q, Zhang R, Qiu S (2014) Attribute-based proxy re-encryption with keyword search, vol 9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116325
Singh S, Sulthana R, Shewale T, Chamola V, Benslimane A, Sikdar B (2021) Machine-learning-assisted security and privacy provisioning for edge computing: a survey. IEEE Int Things J 9(1):236–260
Sookhak M, Yu FR, Khan MK, Xiang Y, Buyya R (2017) Attribute-based data access control in mobile cloud computing: taxonomy and open issues. Future Generation Computer Systems. 72:273–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2016.08.018
Steinwandt R, Geiselmann W (2002) Cryptanalysis of Polly cracker. IEEE Trans Inf Theor 48(11):2990–2991
Sun W, Yu S, Lou W, Hou YT, Li H (2014) Protecting your right: verifiable attribute-based keyword search with fine-grained owner-enforced search authorization in the cloud. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 27(4):1187–1198
Tanaka H (1987) A realization scheme for the identity-based cryptosystem. In: Conference on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48184-2_29
Triantafyllou A, Sarigiannidis P, Lagkas TD (2018) Network protocols, schemes, and mechanisms for internet of things (iot): features, open challenges, and trends. Wireless communications and mobile computing. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5349894
Tsujii S, Itoh T (1989) An ID-based cryptosystem based on the discrete logarithm problem. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 7(4):467–473. https://doi.org/10.1109/49.17709
Van Dijk M, Gentry C, Halevi S, Vaikuntanathan V (2010) Fully homomorphic encryption over the integers. In: Annual international conference on the theory and applications of cryptographic techniques, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 24–43. https://doi.org//10.1007/978-3-642-13190-5_2
Wang Y, Wang J, Chen X (2016) Secure searchable encryption: a survey. J Commun Inf Netw 1(4):52–65
Xiao Y, Jia Y, Liu C, Cheng X, Yu J, Lv W (2019) Edge computing security: state of the art and challenges. Proc IEEE 107(8):1608–1631. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2019.2918437
Xiao M, Zhou J, Liu X, Jiang M (2017) A hybrid scheme for fine-grained search and access authorization in fog computing environment. Sensors 17 (6):1423
Yan X, Wu Q, Sun Y (2020) A homomorphic encryption and privacy protection method based on blockchain and edge computing. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
Yang Y, Zhu H, Lu H, Weng J, Zhang Y, Choo KKR (2016) Cloud based data sharing with fine-grained proxy re-encryption. Pervasive Mob Comput 28:122–134
Yi S, Qin Z, Li Q (2015) Security and privacy issues of fog computing: a survey. In: International conference on wireless algorithms, systems, and applications, Springer, Cham, pp 685–695
Zhang S, Li W, Wen Q, Zhang H, Jin Z (2020) A flexible KP-ABE suit for mobile user realizing decryption outsourcing and attribute revocation. Wirel Pers Commun 114(4):2783–2800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07503-y
Funding
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Both the authors contributed equally to this work.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Swarnendu Kumar Chakraborty contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Mahato, G.K., Chakraborty, S.K. Securing edge computing using cryptographic schemes: a review. Multimed Tools Appl 83, 34825–34848 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15592-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15592-7