Abstract
Recently, the idea of processing time series by transforming them onto graphs has been used in many studies. One of the simple methods proposed to convert a time series onto a graph is the visibility graph (VG). The current study investigates the ability of different VG algorithms for epileptic seizure detection. In the algorithm, single-channel Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are transformed onto five different VG graphs, and then 13 features are generated from obtained graphs. After that, efficient features are extracted using the Sequential forward feature selection (SFFS) algorithm and classified by Random Forest (RF) into two or three classes. The experimental results show that VG algorithms are fast and easy on the performance of classification. In addition, it has shown that the proposed method not only is able to discriminate two classes with 100% accuracy, but also recognizes three classes with high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 97.98%, 96.19%, and 99.12%, respectively. The comparison of this study with other methods shows the effectiveness of the proposed method for seizure detection.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets analysed during the current study are available in the [Medizinische Einrichtungen der Universität Bonn] repository, [http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/epileptology/science/physik/eeg.data.html].
References
Acharya UR, Sree SV, Chattopadhyay S, Yu W, Ang PC (2011) Application of recurrence quantification analysis for the automated identification of epileptic EEG signals. Int J Neural Syst 21:199–211
Adeli H, Ghosh-Dastidar S, Dadmehr N (2007) A wavelet-chaos methodology for analysis of EEGs and EEG subbands to detect seizure and epilepsy. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 54(2):205–211
Ahadpour S, Sadra Y, ArastehFard Z (2014) Markov-binary visibility graph: A new method for analyzing complex systems. Inf Sci 274:286–302
Ahmadlou M, Adeli H, Adeli A (2010) New diagnostic EEG markers of the Alzheimer’s disease using visibility graph. J Neural Transm 117(9):1099–1109
Amitai G, Shemesh A, Sitbon E, Shklar M, Netanely D, Venger I, Pietrokovski S (2004) Network analysis of protein structures identifies functional residues. J Mol Biol 344:1135–1146
Barrat A, Barthelemy M, Vespignani A (2008) Dynamics Processes on Complex Networks. Camb Univ Press 50–200
Bezsudnov IV, Snarskii AA (2014) From the time series to the complex networks: The parametric natural visibility graph. Physica A 414:53–60
Bhatti UA, Huang M, Wu D, Zhang Y, Mehmood A, Han H (2019) Recommendation system using feature extraction and pattern recognition in clinical care systems. Enterp Inf Syst 13(3):329–351
Bhatti UA, Yu Z, Chanussot J, Zeeshan Z, Yuan L, Luo W, ... & Mehmood A (2021) Local similarity-based spatial–spectral fusion hyperspectral image classification with deep CNN and Gabor filtering. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 60:1–15
Bhatti UA, Yu Z, Li J, Nawaz SA, Mehmood A, Zhang K, Yuan L (2020) Hybrid watermarking algorithm using clifford algebra with Arnold scrambling and chaotic encryption. IEEE Access 8:76386–76398
Bhatti UA, Zeeshan Z, Nizamani MM, Bazai S, Yu Z, Yuan L (2022) Assessing the change of ambient air quality patterns in Jiangsu Province of China pre-to post-COVID-19. Chemosphere 288:132569
Breiman L (2001) Random forests. Mach Learn 45(1):5–32
Chua K, Chandran V, Acharya UR, Lim CM (2011) Application of higher order spectra to identify epileptic EEG. J Med Syst 35:1563–1571
Donner RV, Small M, Donges JF, Marwan N, Zou Y, Xiang R, Kurths J (2010) Recurrence-based time series analysis by means of complex network methods. Int J Bifurcation Chaos 21(4):1019–1046
Du X, Dua S, Acharya R, Chua C (2012) Classification of epilepsy using high-order spectra features and principle component analysis. J Med Syst 36:1731–1743
Firpi H, Goodman ED, Echuaz J (2007) Epileptic seizure detection using genetically programmed artificial features. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 54(2):212–224
Gao Z, Jin N (2009) Flow-pattern identification and nonlinear dynamics of gas-liquid two-phase flow in complex networks. Phys Rev E 79(6):603–630
Gotman J, Ives JR, Gloor P (1979) Automatic recognition of inter-ictal epileptic activity in prolonged EEG recordings Electroencephalogr. Clin Neurophysiol 46(5):510–520
Gutin G, Mansour T, Severini S (2011) A characterization of horizontal visibility graphs and combinatorics on words. PHYSICA A 390(12):2421–2428
Islam MS, Thapa K, Yang SH (2022) Epileptic-Net: An Improved Epileptic Seizure Detection System Using Dense Convolutional Block with Attention Network from EEG. Sensors 22(3):728
Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology of the "MedizinischeEinrichtungen der Universität Bonn": http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/epileptology/science/physik/eeg.data.html
Kim J, Wilhelm T (2008) What is a complex graph? Phys A Stat Mech Appl 387:2637–2652
Kudo M, Sklansky J (2000) Comparison of algorithms that select features for pattern classifiers. Pattern Recogn 33(1):25–41
Lacasa L, Luque B, Ballesteros F, Luque J, Nuno JC (2008) From time series to complex networks: the visibility graph. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(13):4972–4975
Lacasa L, Luque B, Luque J, Nuno JC (2009) The Visibility Graph: a new method for estimating the Hurst exponent of fractional Brownian motion. EPL 86:30001
Lacasa L, Nunez A, Roldán É, Parrondo JM, Luque B (2012) Time series irreversibility: a visibility graph approach. Eur Phys J B 85:1–11
Lacasa L, Toral R (2010) Description of stochastic and chaotic series using visibility graphs. Phys Rev E 82(3):036120
Last M, Kandel A, Maimon O (2001) Information-theoretic algorithm for feature selection. Pattern Recogn Lett 22(6–7):799–811
Luque B, Lacasa L, Balleteros F, Luque J (2009) Horizontal visibility graphs: exact results for random time series. Phys Rev E 80:046103
Mohammadpoory Z, Haddadnia J, Azizi M (2018) Epileptic seizure detection based on The Limited Penetrable visibility graph algorithm and graph properties, Iranian Journal of Medical Physics 15.Special Issue-12th. Iranian Congress of Medical Physics: 286–286
Mohammadpoory Z, Nasrolahzadeh M, Haddadnia J (2017) Epileptic seizure detection in EEG signals based on the weighted visibility graph entropy. Seizure 50:202–208
Mohammadpoory Z, Nasrolahzadeh M, Mahmoodian N, Haddadnia J (2019) Automatic identification of diabetic retinopathy stages by using fundus images and visibility graph method. Measurement 140:133–141
Mohammadpoory Z, Nasrolahzadeh M, Mahmoodian N, Sayyah M, Haddadnia J (2019) Complex network based models of ecog signals for detection of induced epileptic seizures in rats. Cogn Neurodyn 13(4):325–339
Muni DP, Pal NR, Das J (2006) Genetic programming for simultaneous feature selection and classifier design. Systems Man Cybern B Cybern IEEE Trans 36(1):1100–1103
Nakariyakul S, Casasent DP (2009) An improvement on floating search algorithms for feature subset selection. Pattern Recogn 42(9):1932–1940
Nasrolahzadeh M, Haddadnia J, Rahnamayan S (2020) Multi-Objective Optimization of Wavelet-Packet-Based Features in Pathological Diagnosis of Alzheimer Using Spontaneous Speech Signals. IEEE Access 8:112393–112406
Nasrolahzadeh M, Mohammadpoory Z, Haddadnia J (2018) Higher-order spectral analysis of spontaneous speech signals in Alzheimer’s disease. Cogn Neurodyn 12(6):583–596
Nasrolahzadeh M, Mohammadpoory Z, Haddadnia J (2019) Analysis of heart rate signals during meditation using visibility graph complexity. Cogn Neurodyn 13(1):45–52
Nasrolahzadeh M, Mohhamadpoori Z, Haddadnia J (2014) Optimal way to find the frame length of the speech signal for diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease with PSO. Asian J Math Comput Res 2(1):33–41
Nasrolahzadeh M, Rahnamayan S, Haddadnia J (2022) Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis using genetic programming based on higher order spectra features. Mach Learn Appl 7:100225
Newman MEJ (2003) Mixing patterns in networks. Phys Rev E 67:026126
Newman MEJ (2010) Networks: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 2010
Ning-De ZT, Bin GZ (2012) Limited penetrable visibility graph for establishing complex network from time series. Acta Phys Sin 61(3):030506
Ouyang G, Li X, Dang C, Richards DA (2008) Using recurrence plot for determinism analysis of EEG recordings in genetic absence epilepsy rats. Clin Neurophysiol 119:1747–1755
Pei X, Wang J, Deng B, Wei X, Yu HWLPVG (2014) WLPVG approach to the analysis of EEG-based functional brain network under manual acupuncture. Cogn Neurodyn 8(5):417–428
Polat K, Günes S (2007) Classification of epileptic form EEG using a hybrid system based on decision tree classifier and fast Fourier transform. Appl Math Comput 187:1017–1026
Rashed-Al-Mahfuz M, Moni MA, Uddin S, Alyami SA, Summers MA, Eapen V (2021) A deep convolutional neural network method to detect seizures and characteristic frequencies using epileptic electroencephalogram (EEG) data. IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med 9:1–12
Schenk J, Kaiser M, Rigoll G (2009) Selecting Features in On-Line Handwritten Whiteboard Note Recognition: SFS or SFFS?. 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. ICDAR ’09, pp: 1251–1254
Sharma M, Pachori RB, Acharya UR (2017) A new approach to characterize epileptic seizures using analytic time-frequency flexible wavelet transform and fractal dimension. Pattern Recogn Lett 94:172–179
Sharmila A, Geethanjali P (2016) DWT based detection of epileptic seizure from EEG signals using naive Bayes and k-NN classifiers. IEEE Access 4:7716–7727
Singhal V, Mathew J, Behera RK (2021) Detection of alcoholism using EEG signals and a CNN-LSTM-ATTN network. Comput Biol Med 138:104940
del Sol A, Fujihashi H, Amoros D, Nussinov R (2006) Residues crucial for maintaining short paths in network communication mediate signaling in proteins. MolSyst Biol 2:0019
Srinivasan V, Eswaran C, Siraam N (2007) Approximate entropy based epileptic EEG detection using artificial neural networks. IEEE Trans Information Tech in Biomedicine 11(3):288–295
Suri JS, Acharya UR, Sree SV (2011) Automatic detection of epileptic EEG signals using higher ordercumulant features. Int J Neural Syst 21:403–414
Swami P, Gandhi TK, Panigrahi BK, Tripathi M, Anand S (2016) A novel robust diagnostic model to detect seizures in electroencephalography. Expert Syst Appl 56:116–130
Tang X, Xia L, Liao Y, Liu W, Peng Y, Gao T, Zeng Y (2013) New approach to epileptic diagnosis using visibility graph of high-frequency signal. Clin EEG Neurosci 44:150–156
Theodoridis S, Kouutroumbas K (2003) Pattern Recognition, 2nd Edition. Elsevier Academic Press. 40–250
Tzimourta KD, Tsilimbaris A, Tzioukalia K, Tzallas AT, Tsipouras MG, Astrakas LG et al (2018) EEG-based automatic sleep stage classification. Biomed J Sci Techn Res (BJSTR) 7(4):1–6
Tzimourta KD, Tzallas AT, Giannakeas N, Astrakas LG, Tsalikakis DG, Angelidis P, Tsipouras MG (2019) A robust methodology for classification of epileptic seizures in EEG signals. Heal Technol 9(2):135–142
Ullah I, Hussain M, Aboalsamh H (2018) An automated system for epilepsy detection using EEG brain signals based on deep learning approach. Expert Syst Appl 107:61–71
Wang J, Zuo X, He Y (2010) Graph-based network analysis of resting-state functional MRI. Front Syst Neurosci 4:1–16
Witten IH, Frank E (2005) Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, 2nd edn. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco
Xiang J, Li C, Li H, Cao R, Wang B, Han X, Chen J (2015) The detection of epileptic seizure signals based on fuzzy entropy. J Neurosci Methods 243:18–25
Zhang J, Sun J, Luo X, Zhang K, Nakamura T, Small M (2008) Characterizing pseudoperiodic time series through the complex network approach. Physica D 237(22):2856–2865
Zhu G, Li Y, Wen PP (2012) Analysing epileptic EEGs with a visibility graph algorithm, in:Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI), 2012 5th International Conference on, pp:432–436
Zhu G, Li Y, Wen PP (2014) Epileptic seizure detection in EEGs signals using a fast weighted horizontal visibility algorithm. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 115(2):64–75
Zhu G, Li Y, Wen PP, Wang S, Xi M (2013) Epileptic o genic focus detection in intracranial EEG based on delay permutation entropy, AIP Conf. Proc 1559:31–36
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All of the authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Mohammadpoory, Z., Nasrolahzadeh, M. & Amiri, S.A. Classification of healthy and epileptic seizure EEG signals based on different visibility graph algorithms and EEG time series. Multimed Tools Appl 83, 2703–2724 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15681-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15681-7