Abstract
This work develops a novel lossless multiple color image encryption based on multi-layer permutation-substitution operations. Initially, sixteen RGB images are converted into a single plain image using matrix theory. The single plain image is then segmented into red (R), green (G) and blue (B) color channels. Each channel is used as an input image for the further process. The first layer of permutation-substitution is obtained using random matrix affine cipher (RMAC). Both row and column permutation-substitution processes are simultaneously performed in this layer. The second layer of permutation-substitution is acquired using generalized three-dimensional (3D) Arnold transform. Lastly, the third layer of permutation-substitution is achieved using non-linear 3D chaotic map. In the proposed technique, SHA-256 hash function is utilized to generate the secret keys. This makes the system extremely sensitive to the plain image and improves its robustness against plaintext attacks. In addition, the multi-layer permutation-substitution operations make our system more secure and stronger with exorbitant huge key space, high sensitivity, randomness and uncertainty between the pixels. Also, the proposed system deals with multiple images at a time which supports high security, efficiency and capacity space in transmitting and storing the data. Simulation analysis validates the effectiveness of our proposed work. Moreover, the proposed technique is empirically assessed via security and statistical evaluation metrics. The experimental findings from the evaluation metrics and comparison analysis validate that our proposed technique is robust and secure enough for real-world applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data sharing not applicable in this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
References
Abundiz-Pérez F, Cruz-Hernández C, Murillo-Escobar M, López-Gutiérrez R, Arellano-Delgado A (2016) A fingerprint image encryption scheme based on hyperchaotic Rössler map. Math Prob Eng 1–15
Abuturab MR (2020) A superposition based multiple-image encryption using Fresnel-domain high dimension chaotic phase encoding. Opt Lasers Eng 129:106038
Ahmad J, Hwang SO (2016) A secure image encryption scheme based on chaotic maps and affine transformation. Multimedia Tools and Applications 75:13951–13976
Alanezi A, Abd-El-Atty B, Kolivand H, Abd El-Latif AA, Abd El-Rahiem B, Sankar S, Khalifa HS (2021) Securing digital images through simple permutation-substitution mechanism in cloud-based smart city environment. Secur Commun Netw 2021:1–17
Askar SS, Karawia AA, Al-Khedhairi A, Al-Ammar FS (2019) An algorithm of image encryption using logistic and two-dimensional chaotic economic maps. Entropy 21(1):44
Azoug SE, Bouguezel S (2016) A non-linear preprocessing for opto-digital image encryption using multiple-parameter discrete fractional Fourier transform. Optics Communications 359:85–94
Boriga RE, Dăscălescu AC, Diaconu AV (2014) A new fast image encryption scheme based on 2d chaotic maps. IAENG Int J Comput Sci 41(4):249–258
Çavuşoğlu Ü, Kaçar S, Pehlivan I, Zengin A (2017) Secure image encryption algorithm design using a novel chaos based S-box. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 95:92–101
Chai X, Chen Y, Broyde L (2017) A novel chaos-based image encryption algorithm using DNA sequence operations. Opt Lasers Eng 88:197–213
Dong C (2015) Asymmetric color image encryption scheme using discrete-time map and hash value. Optik 126(20):2571–2575
Farah MB, Guesmi R, Kachouri A, Samet M (2020) A novel chaos based optical image encryption using fractional fourier transform and DNA sequence operation. Optics & Laser Technology 121:105777
Gao Z, Liu Z, Wang L (2021) An image encryption algorithm based on the improved sine-tent map. Discret Dyn Nat Soc 2021:1–16
Gomez-Barrero M, Rathgeb C, Li G, Ramachandra R, Galbally J, Busch C (2018) Multi-biometric template protection based on bloom filters. Information Fusion 42:37–50
Gong L, Deng C, Pan S, Zhou N (2018) Image compression-encryption algorithms by combining hyper-chaotic system with discrete fractional random transform. Optics & Laser Technology 103:48–58
Guleria V, Sabir S, Mishra D (2020) Security of multiple rgb images by rsa cryptosystem combined with FrDCT and Arnold transform. Journal of Information Security and Applications 54:102524
Hossain MB, Rahman MT, Rahman AS, Islam S (2014) A new approach of image encryption using 3D chaotic map to enhance security of multimedia component. In: 2014 International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV), IEEE, pp 1–6
Hsue W-L (2018) Enhancing security of double random phase encryption schemes based on discrete fractional Fourier transforms. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Express Briefs 66(9):1602–1606
Hu T, Liu Y, Gong L-H, Ouyang C-J (2017) An image encryption scheme combining chaos with cycle operation for DNA sequences. Nonlinear Dyn 87(1):51–66
Hua Z, Jin F, Xu B, Huang H (2018) 2d logistic-sine-coupling map for image encryption. Signal Process 149:148–161
Huang H, He X, Xiang Y, Wen W, Zhang Y (2018) A compression-diffusion-permutation strategy for securing image. Signal Process 150:183–190
Huang ZJ, Cheng S, Gong LH, Zhou N-R (2020) Nonlinear optical multi-image encryption scheme with two-dimensional linear canonical transform. Opt Lasers Eng 124:105821
Joshi AB, Kumar D, Gaffar A, Mishra D (2020) Triple color image encryption based on 2D multiple parameter fractional discrete Fourier transform and 3D Arnold transform. Opt Lasers Eng 133:106139
Joshi AB, Kumar D, Mishra DC (2021) Security of digital images based on 3D Arnold cat map and elliptic curve. International Journal of Image and Graphics 21(01):2150006
Kadir A, Hamdulla A, Guo W-Q (2014) Color image encryption using skew tent map and hyper chaotic system of 6th-order CNA. Optik 125(5):1671–1675
Kang X, Ming A, Tao R (2018) Reality-preserving multiple parameter discrete fractional angular transform and its application to color image encryption. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 29(6):1595–1607
Khade PN, Narnaware M (2012) 3D chaotic functions for image encryption. International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI) 9(3):323
Kumar M, Mishra D, Sharma R (2014) A first approach on an RGB image encryption. Opt Lasers Eng 52:27–34
Kumar D, Joshi AB, Mishra VN (2020) Optical and digital double color-image encryption algorithm using 3d chaotic map and 2d-multiple parameter fractional discrete cosine transform. Results in Optics 1:100031
Li C-L, Li H-M, Li F-D, Wei D-Q, Yang X-B, Zhang J (2018) Multiple-image encryption by using robust chaotic map in wavelet transform domain. Optik 171:277–286
Liansheng S, Cong D, Xiao Z, Ailing T, Anand A (2019) Double-image encryption based on interference and logistic map under the framework of double random phase encoding. Opt Lasers Eng 122:113–122
Liu H, Wang X, Kadir A (2013) Color image encryption using Choquet fuzzy integral and hyper chaotic system. Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 124(18):3527–3533
Liu Q, Wang Y, Wang J, Wang Q-H (2018) Optical image encryption using chaos-based compressed sensing and phase-shifting interference in fractional wavelet domain. Opt Rev 25(1):46–55
Liu H, Xu Y, Ma C (2020) Chaos-based image hybrid encryption algorithm using key stretching and hash feedback. Optik 216:164925
Liu H, Kadir A, Xu C (2020) Cryptanalysis and constructing s-box based on chaotic map and backtracking. Appl Math Comput 376:125153
Liu H, Kadir A, Xu C (2020) Color image encryption with cipher feedback and coupling chaotic map. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 30(12):2050173
Liu H, Wang X, Kadir A (2021) Constructing chaos-based hash function via parallel impulse perturbation. Soft Comput 25(16):11077–11086
Mehdi SA (2021) Image encryption algorithm based on a novel 4d chaotic system. International Journal of Information Security and Privacy (IJISP) 15(4):118–131
Mishra DC, Sharma R, Suman S, Prasad A (2017) Multi-layer security of color image based on chaotic system combined with RP2DFrFT and Arnold transform. Journal of Information Security and Applications 37:65–90
Murillo-Escobar MA, Cardoza-Avendaño L, López-Gutiérrez RM, Cruz-Hernández C (2017) A double chaotic layer encryption algorithm for clinical signals in telemedicine. J Med Syst 41:1–17
Oravec J, Turan J, Ovsenik L, Ivaniga T, Solus D, Marton M (2018) Asymmetric image encryption approach with plaintext-related diffusion. Radioengineering 27(1):281–288
Pan SM, Wen RH, Zhou ZH, Zhou NR (2017) Optical multi-image encryption scheme based on discrete cosine transform and nonlinear fractional Mellin transform. Multimedia Tools and Applications 76:2933–2953
Patro KAK, Soni A, Netam PK, Acharya B (2020) Multiple grayscale image encryption using cross-coupled chaotic maps. Journal of Information Security and Applications 52:102470
Rakheja P, Vig R, Singh P (2020) Double image encryption using 3D Lorenz chaotic system, 2D non-separable linear canonical transform and qr decomposition. Opt Quant Electron 52(2):1–21
Ran Q, Yuan L, Zhao T (2015) Image encryption based on nonseparable fractional Fourier transform and chaotic map. Optics Communications 348:43–49
Refregier P, Javidi B (1995) Optical image encryption based on input plane and Fourier plane random encoding. Opt Lett 20(7):767–769
Sabir S (2021) Guleria V (2021) Multi-layer color image encryption using random matrix affine cipher, RP2DFrHT and 2D Arnold map. Multimedia Tools and Applications 1–25
Sahari ML, Boukemara I (2018) A pseudo-random numbers generator based on a novel 3D chaotic map with an application to color image encryption. Nonlinear Dyn 94(1):723–744
Shah D, Shah T, Jamal SS (2020) A novel efficient image encryption algorithm based on affine transformation combine with linear fractional transformation. Multidimension Syst Signal Process 31:885–905
Si Y, Liu H, Chen Y (2021) Constructing keyed strong s-box using an enhanced quadratic map. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 31(10):2150146
Singh H (2018) Hybrid structured phase mask in frequency plane for optical double image encryption in gyrator transform domain. J Mod Opt 65(18):2065–2078
Singh P, Yadav A, Singh K (2017) Color image encryption using affine transform in fractional Hartley domain. Opt Appl 47(3):421–433
Sivakumar T, Venkatesan R (2014) A novel approach for image encryption using dynamic scan pattern. IAENG Int J Comput Sci 41(2):91–101
Tanveer M, Shah T, Rehman A, Ali A, Siddiqui GF, Saba T, Tariq U (2021) Multi-images encryption scheme based on 3D chaotic map and substitution box. IEEE Access 9:73924–73937
Tong L-J, Zhou N-R, Huang Z-J, Xie X-W, Liang Y-R (2021) Nonlinear multi-image encryption scheme with the reality-preserving discrete fractional angular transform and dna sequences. Security and Communication Networks 2021:1–18
Wang Q, Guo Q, Zhou J (2012) Double image encryption based on linear blend operation and random phase encoding in fractional Fourier domain. Optics Communications 285(21–22):4317–4323
Wang X, Teng L, Qin X (2012) A novel colour image encryption algorithm based on chaos. Signal Process 92(4):1101–1108
Wang M, Pousset Y, Carré P, Perrine C, Zhou N, Wu J (2020) Optical image encryption scheme based on apertured fractional Mellin transform. Optics & Laser Technology 124:106001
Wu X, Kan H, Kurths J (2015) A new color image encryption scheme based on DNA sequences and multiple improved 1D chaotic maps. Appl Soft Comput 37:24–39
Wu X, Zhu B, Hu Y, Ran Y (2017) A novel color image encryption scheme using rectangular transform-enhanced chaotic tent maps. IEEE Access 5:6429–6436
Xian Y, Wang X (2021) Fractal sorting matrix and its application on chaotic image encryption. Inf Sci 547:1154–1169
Xu L, Li Z, Li J, Hua W (2016) A novel bit-level image encryption algorithm based on chaotic maps. Opt Lasers Eng 78:17–25
Y. Li, X. Li, X. Jin, G. Zhao, S. Ge, Y. Tian, X. Zhang, K. Zhang, Z. Wang, An image encryption algorithm based on zigzag transformation and 3-dimension chaotic logistic map, In Applications and Techniques in Information Security: 6th International Conference, ATIS (2015) Beijing. China 6(2015):3–13
Ye HS, Zhou NR, Gong LH (2020) Multi-image compression-encryption scheme based on quaternion discrete fractional Hartley transform and improved pixel adaptive diffusion. Signal Process 175:107652
Ye G, Jiao K, Huang X (2021) Quantum logistic image encryption algorithm based on SHA-3 and RSA. Nonlinear Dyn 104(3):2807–2827
Zhang X, Wang X (2017) Multiple-image encryption algorithm based on mixed image element and chaos. Computers & Electrical Engineering 62:401–413
Zhang X, Wang X (2017) Multiple-image encryption algorithm based on mixed image element and permutation. Opt Lasers Eng 92:6–16
Zhang Q, Han J, Ye Y (2021) Multi-image encryption algorithm based on image hash, bit-plane decomposition and dynamic DNA coding. IET Image Proc 15:885–896
Zheng J, Wang Z, Li Y (2018) Wang J (2018) Bifurcations and chaos in a three-dimensional generalized hénon map. Adv Difference Equ 1:1–14
Zhou N, Yang J, Tan C, Pan S, Zhou Z (2015) Double-image encryption scheme combining DWT-based compressive sensing with discrete fractional random transform. Optics Communications 354:112–121
Zhou N, Pan S, Cheng S, Zhou Z (2016) Image compression-encryption scheme based on hyper-chaotic system and 2D compressive sensing. Optics & Laser Technology 82:121–133
Zhou N, Chen W, Yan X, Wang Y (2018) Bit-level quantum color image encryption scheme with quantum cross-exchange operation and hyper-chaotic system. Quantum Inf Process 17(6):1–24
Funding
There is no funding agency.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sabir, S., Guleria, V. Multi-layer permutation-substitution operations based novel lossless multiple color image encryption. Multimed Tools Appl 83, 16563–16604 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15992-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15992-9