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ECG-based authentication systems: a comprehensive and systematic review

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Abstract 

In recent years, security systems based on biometric features have become a promising solution to identify humans, and it is preferred over traditional methods working based on what we know. With the rapid growth of such identification methods, ECG authentication approaches as an emerging biometric recognition scheme is developed. It can be efficiently used to identify individuals, specifically for continuous authentication to allow particular access privileges for users. In comparison with other biometric features even in abnormal conditions, it gives more valid and better results. Although there are several works that have offered some techniques in order to overcome the various issues affecting the ECG authentication schemes’ outputs, there are still many concerns to be considered. How can we see, there are not many studies that deal with all aspects of ECG authentication techniques? The objective this paper is to evaluate some surveys related to ECG authentication domain since 2010. We have done a comprehensive taxonomy including existing methods and techniques in ECG based authentication domain. With the aim of providing a classical taxonomy form, this study presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on ECG-based authentication schemes to introduce the state-of-the-art approaches in this domain. We have done the selection of journals and conference proceedings using the standard systematic literature review methodology in order to find and assess the studies related to ECG authentication. Finally, the paper is concluded with a summary of the content of the paper, and open issues and future research challenges are discussed.

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Data availability

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Abbreviations

ABP:

Arterial Blood Pressure

ANN:

Artificial neural network

ATMs:

Automated Teller Machine

DB:

Data Base

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

ECG:

Electrocardiogram

HR:

Heart Rate

IoT:

Internet of Things

LDA:

Linear Discriminant Analysis

MIT-BIH:

MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database

MLP:

Multi-layer Perceptron classifier

PCs:

Personal Computers

PCG:

Phonocardiogram

PTB:

PTB Diagnostic ECG Database

P wave:

The first positive deflection on the ECG

QRS:

The Q, R, and S waves, the combination of three of the graphical deflections seen on a typical electrocardiogram (ECG)

Q-wave:

Represents the normal left-to-right depolarization of the interventricular septum

R-wave:

Represents early ventricular depolarization

S-wave:

The first downward deflection of the QRS complex that occurs after the T-wave: represents ventricular repolarization

PQ:

The PQ interval is the time from the onset of the P wave to the start of the QRS complex

ST:

The ST Segment represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and repolarization

RQ:

Research Question

Tech:

Technique

TQ:

Technical Questions

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    Shiva Asadianfam

  2. Department of Computer Engineering, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran

    Shiva Asadianfam & Mohammad Javad Talebi

  3. Department of Computer and Electronic, Taali Institute of Higher Education, Qom, Iran

    Elaheh Nikougoftar

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Asadianfam, S., Talebi, M.J. & Nikougoftar, E. ECG-based authentication systems: a comprehensive and systematic review. Multimed Tools Appl 83, 27647–27701 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16506-3

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