Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Reversible data hiding scheme in encrypted images based on homomorphic encryption and pixel value ordering

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

With the growing demands of cloud computing and privacy protection, reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDHEI) has been gradually developed. This paper proposes a RDHEI scheme based on reserving room before encryption (RRBE). The scheme is divided into three types of users: image owner, data hider and receiver. First, the image owner preprocesses the image using a median-prediction-based pixel value ordering algorithm (M-PVO), and then encrypts the image using the Paillier homomorphic cryptosystem, and the data hider performs two stages of data embedding on the encrypted image. According to the key held by the receiver, the data embedded in different stages can be extracted and the original image can be recovered lossless. The experimental results show that the embedding rate of the first stage is about 0.7 bpp, and the embedding rate of the second stage can reach 12 bpp. Compared with other schemes, the proposed scheme has better image quality at the same embedding rate.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Celik MU, Sharma G, Tekalp AM, Saber E (2005) Lossless generalized-lsb data embedding. IEEE Trans Image Process 14(2):253–266

    Google Scholar 

  2. Leelavathi R, Giri Prasad M (2022) High-Capacity Reversible Data Hiding Using Lossless LZW Compression. Int Conf Comput, Commun, Electr Biomed Syst pp  517–528

  3. Tian J (2003) Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 13(8):890–896

    Google Scholar 

  4. Wang X, Shao C, Xu X, Niu X (2007) Reversible data-hiding scheme for 2-d vector maps based on difference expansion. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 2(3):311–320

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kim HJ, Sachnev V, Shi YQ, Nam J, Choo H-G (2008) A novel difference expansion transform for reversible data embedding. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 3(3):456–465

    Google Scholar 

  6. Wang W, Ye J, Wang T, Wang W (2017) Reversible data hiding scheme based on significant-bit-difference expansion. ET Image Process 11(11):1002–1014

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ni Z, Shi Y-Q, Ansari N, Su W (2006) Reversible data hiding. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 16(3):354–362

    Google Scholar 

  8. Lin C-C, Tai W-L, Chang C-C (2008) Multilevel reversible data hiding based on histogram modification of difference images. Pattern Recogn 41(12):3582–3591

    Google Scholar 

  9. Tai W-L, Yeh C-M, Chang C-C (2009) Reversible data hiding based on histogram modification of pixel differences. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 19(6):906–910

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ying Q, Qian Z, Zhang X, Ye D (2019) Reversible data hiding with image enhancement using histogram shifting. IEEE Access 7:46506–46521

    Google Scholar 

  11. Li X, Li J, Li B, Yang B (2013) High-fidelity reversible data hiding scheme based on pixel-value-ordering and prediction-error expansion. Signal Process 93(1):198–205

    Google Scholar 

  12. Wang X, Ding J, Pei Q (2015) A novel reversible image data hiding scheme based on pixel value ordering and dynamic pixel block partition. Inf Sci 310:16–35

    Google Scholar 

  13. Qu X, Kim HJ (2015) Pixel-based pixel value ordering predictor for high-fidelity reversible data hiding. Signal Process 111:249–260

    Google Scholar 

  14. He W, Zhou K, Cai J, Wang L, Xiong G (2017) Reversible data hiding using multi-pass pixel value ordering and prediction-error expansion. J Vis Commun Image Represent 49:351–360

    Google Scholar 

  15. Gao E, Pan Z, Gao X (2019) Reversible data hiding based on novel pairwise pvo and annular merging strategy. Inf Sci 505:549–561

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. Sabeen Govind P, Judy M (2022) A block-based data hiding technique using convolutional neural network. In: Innovations in computational intelligence and computer vision: proceedings of ICICV 2021, pp 231–237. Springer

  17. Bhardwaj R (2023) Hiding patient information in medical images: an enhanced dual image separable reversible data hiding algorithm for e-healthcare. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput 14(1):321–337

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ren F, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li Q (2023) Reversible information hiding scheme based on interpolation and histogram shift for medical images. Multimed Tools Appl, pp 1–27

  19. Amine K, Redouane KM, Sayah MM (2023) A wavelet-based watermarking for secure medical image transmission in telemedicine application. Multimed Tools Appl, pp 1–17

  20. Sayah MM, Redouane KM, Amine K (2023) Stationary, continuous, and discrete wavelet-based approach for secure medical image transmission. Res Biomed Eng 39(1):167–178

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ahmadi SBB, Zhang G, Rabbani M, Boukela L, Jelodar H (2021) An intelligent and blind dual color image watermarking for authentication and copyright protection. Appl Intell 51:1701–1732

    Google Scholar 

  22. Zhang L, Li F, Qin C (2022) Efficient reversible data hiding in encrypted binary image with huffman encoding and weight prediction. Multimed Tools Appl 81(20):29347–29365

    Google Scholar 

  23. Liao X, Li K, Yin J (2017) Separable data hiding in encrypted image based on compressive sensing and discrete fourier transform. Multimed Tools Appl 76:20739–20753

    Google Scholar 

  24. Liao X, Qin Z, Ding L (2017) Data embedding in digital images using critical functions. Signal Process Image Commun 58:146–156

    Google Scholar 

  25. Zhang X (2011) Reversible data hiding in encrypted image. IEEE Signal Process Lett 18(4):255–258

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hong W, Chen T-S, Wu H-Y (2012) An improved reversible data hiding in encrypted images using side match. IEEE Signal Process Lett 19(4):199–202

    Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang X (2011) Separable reversible data hiding in encrypted image. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 7(2):826–832

    Google Scholar 

  28. Wu X, Sun W (2014) High-capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted images by prediction error. Signal Process 104:387–400

    Google Scholar 

  29. Huang F, Huang J, Shi Y-Q (2016) New framework for reversible data hiding in encrypted domain. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 11(12):2777–2789

    Google Scholar 

  30. Yang C-H, Weng C-Y, Chen J-Y (2022) High-fidelity reversible data hiding in encrypted image based on difference-preserving encryption. Soft Computing 26(4):1727–1742

    Google Scholar 

  31. Wang Y, Xiong G, He W (2023) High-capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on pixel-value-ordering and histogram shifting. Expert Syst Appl 211:118600

    Google Scholar 

  32. Ma K, Zhang W, Zhao X, Yu N, Li F (2013) Reversible data hiding in encrypted images by reserving room before encryption. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 8(3):553–562

    Google Scholar 

  33. Xiao D, Wang Y, Xiang T, Bai S (2017) High-payload completely reversible data hiding in encrypted images by an interpolation technique. Front Inf Technol Electron Eng 18(11):1732–1743

    Google Scholar 

  34. Puteaux P, Puech W (2018) An efficient msb prediction-based method for high-capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted images. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 13(7):1670–1681

    Google Scholar 

  35. Puyang Y, Yin Z, Qian Z (2018) Reversible data hiding in encrypted images with two-MSB prediction. In: 2018 IEEE international workshop on information forensics and security (WIFS) pp 1–7

  36. Yin Z, Xiang Y, Zhang X (2019) Reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on multi-msb prediction and huffman coding. IEEE Trans Multimedia 22(4):874–884

    Google Scholar 

  37. Li F, Zhu H, Qin C (2023) Reversible data hiding in encrypted images using median prediction and bit plane cycling-xor. Multimed Tools Appl 82(4):6013–6032

    Google Scholar 

  38. Chen Y-C, Shiu C-W, Horng G (2014) Encrypted signal-based reversible data hiding with public key cryptosystem. J Vis Commun Image Represent 25(5):1164–1170

    Google Scholar 

  39. Shiu C-W, Chen Y-C, Hong W (2015) Encrypted image-based reversible data hiding with public key cryptography from difference expansion. Signal Process Image Commun 39:226–233

    Google Scholar 

  40. Wu H-T, Cheung Y-m, Huang J (2016) Reversible data hiding in paillier cryptosystem. J Vis Commun Image Represent 40:765–771

    Google Scholar 

  41. Wu H-T, Cheung Y-m, Yang Z, Tang S (2019) A high-capacity reversible data hiding method for homomorphic encrypted images. J Vis Commun Image Represent 62:87–96

    Google Scholar 

  42. Xiang S, Luo X (2017) Reversible data hiding in homomorphic encrypted domain by mirroring ciphertext group. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 28(11):3099–3110

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  43. Chen B, Wu X, Lu W, Ren H (2019) Reversible data hiding in encrypted images with additive and multiplicative public-key homomorphism. Signal Process 164:48–57

    Google Scholar 

  44. Chen B, Yin X, Lu W, Ren H (2023) Reversible data hiding in encrypted domain by signal reconstruction. Multimed Tools Appl 82(1):1203–1222

    Google Scholar 

  45. Zhang X, Long J, Wang Z, Cheng H (2015) Lossless and reversible data hiding in encrypted images with public-key cryptography. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 26(9):1622–1631

    Google Scholar 

  46. Tsai C-S, Zhang Y-S, Weng C-Y (2022) Separable reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on paillier cryptosystem. Multimed Tools Appl 81(13):18807–18827

    Google Scholar 

  47. Anushiadevi R, Amirtharajan R (2023) Design and development of reversible data hiding-homomorphic encryption & rhombus pattern prediction approach. Multimed Tools Appl, pp 1–24

  48. The USC-SIPI Image Database (2006) Available http://sipi.usc.edu/database/

  49. Bas PFT (2021) The BOWS-2 Image Database. Available http://bows2.ec-lille.fr/

  50. Bas PPT, Filler T (2011) The BOSSbase Image Database. Available http://dde.binghamton.edu/download/

Download references

Acknowledgements

This paper was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Program No. 62202377), the Natural Science Basic Research Plan of Shaanxi Province of China (Program No. 2021JM-463, 2022JM-353), the Graduate Innovation Fund of Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications (CXJJDL2022015).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Cyberspace security, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, 710121, Shannxi, China

    Fang Ren, Yanli Hao, Kexin Pang & Ziyi Wu

  2. National Engineering Laboratory for Wireless Security, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, 710121, Shannxi, China

    Fang Ren & Yanli Hao

Authors
  1. Fang Ren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yanli Hao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kexin Pang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ziyi Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yanli Hao.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Authors are responsible for correctness of the statements provided in the manuscript.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ren, F., Hao, Y., Pang, K. et al. Reversible data hiding scheme in encrypted images based on homomorphic encryption and pixel value ordering. Multimed Tools Appl 83, 40607–40627 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-17242-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-17242-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation