Abstract
In this work, an efficient and real-time person re-identification system based on an affordable hybrid framework was presented. The proposed pipeline consisting of human detecting, tracking and extracting features was developed based on lightweight deep neural models so that they could be computationally accelerated on limited hardware resources devices. A comprehensive and substantial dataset has been established aiming to facilitate the training and evaluation of a surveillance system implemented to monitor individuals in an indoor environment. The proposed processing pipeline was implemented on both low-cost devices as Nvidia Jetson Nano and Google Coral. The experimental results indicated that the system could achieve real-time performance with up to 29 FPS and 0.96 mAP for the person detection algorithm task via edge devices, whereas a comparable accuracy was reached on the proposed feature extraction model with 0.85 mAP.




Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Accessing our dataset is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Elharrouss O, Almaadeed N, Al-Maadeed S (2021) A review of video surveillance systems. J Vis Commun Image Represent 77:103116
Gaikwad B, Karmakar A (2022) End-to-end person re-identification: Real-time video surveillance over edge-cloud environment. Comput Electr Eng 99:107824
Neff C, Mendieta M, Mohan S, Baharani M, Rogers S, Tabkhi H (2019) Revamp 2 t: real-time edge video analytics for multicamera privacy-aware pedestrian tracking. IEEE Internet of Things J 7(4):2591–2602
Nvidia (2023) Jetson Accelerating Next-Gen Edge AI and Robotics. https://www.nvidia.com/en-in/autonomous-machines/embedded-systems/. Accessed: 18-April-2023
Google (2023) Coral USB Accelerator. https://coral.ai/products/accelerator/. Accessed: 18-April-2023
Baharani M, Mohan S, Tabkhi H (2019) Real-time person re-identification at the edge: A mixed precision approach. In: Image analysis and recognition: 16th international conference, ICIAR 2019, Waterloo, ON, Canada, August 27–29, 2019, Proceedings, Part II 16, pp. 27–39. Springer
Chen Y, Yang T, Li C, Zhang Y (2020) A binarized segmented resnet based on edge computing for re-identification. Sensors 20(23):6902
Chen X, Li Z, Xiao S, Chen Y (2018) Deep square similarity learning for person re-identification in the edge computing system. In: 2018 IEEE international conference on internet of things (iThings) and IEEE green computing and communications (GreenCom) and IEEE cyber, physical and social computing (CPSCom) and IEEE smart data (SmartData), pp 561–567. https://doi.org/10.1109/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00117
Ren S, He K, Girshick R, Sun J (2015) Faster r-cnn: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 28
Girshick R (2015) Fast r-cnn. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision (ICCV)
Ren S, He K, Girshick R, Sun J (2015) Faster r-cnn: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 28
Redmon J, Divvala S, Girshick R, Farhadi A (2016) You only look once: Unified, real-time object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)
Lin T-Y, Goyal P, Girshick R, He K, Dollár P (2017) Focal loss for dense object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision, pp 2980–2988
Zhou X, Wang D, Krähenbühl P (2019) Objects as points. arXiv:1904.07850
Carion N, Massa F, Synnaeve G, Usunier N, Kirillov A, Zagoruyko S (2020) End-to-end object detection with transformers. In: Vedaldi A, Bischof H, Brox T, Frahm J-M (eds) Computer Vision - ECCV 2020. Springer, Cham, pp 213–229
Reid D (1979) An algorithm for tracking multiple targets. IEEE Trans Autom Control 24(6):843–854
Bewley A, Ge Z, Ott L, Ramos F, Upcroft B (2016) Simple online and realtime tracking. In: 2016 IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP), pp 3464–3468. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP.2016.7533003
Wojke N, Bewley A, Paulus D (2017) Simple online and realtime tracking with a deep association metric. In: 2017 IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP), pp 3645–3649. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP.2017.8296962
Mekkayil L, Ramasangu H (2018) Object tracking with correlation filters using selective single background patch. arXiv:1805.03453
Bolme DS, Beveridge JR, Draper BA, Lui YM (2010) Visual object tracking using adaptive correlation filters. In: 2010 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 2544–2550. IEEE
Vergés-Llahí J, Ar J, Sanfeliu A (2001) Object tracking system using colour histograms
Zivkovic Z, Krose B (2004) An em-like algorithm for color-histogram-based object tracking. In: Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 2004. CVPR 2004., vol 1. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2004.1315113
Li X, Yin H, Zhou K, Zhou X (2020) Semi-supervised clustering with deep metric learning and graph embedding. World Wide Web 23:781–798
Deng B, Jia S, Shi D (2019) Deep metric learning-based feature embedding for hyperspectral image classification. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing 58(2):1422–1435
Cao R, Zhang Q, Zhu J, Li Q, Li Q, Liu B, Qiu G (2020) Enhancing remote sensing image retrieval using a triplet deep metric learning network. Int J Remote Sens 41(2):740–751
Nvidia (2023) TensorRT. https://developer.nvidia.com/tensorrt. Accessed: 18-April-2023
Abadi M, Agarwal A, Barham P, et al (2015) TensorFlow: Large-Scale Machine Learning on Heterogeneous Systems. Software available from tensorflow.org. https://www.tensorflow.org/
Ultralytics (2023) YOLOv8. https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics. Accessed: 18-April-2023
Sandler M, Howard A, Zhu M, Zhmoginov A, Chen L-C (2018) Mobilenetv2: Inverted residuals and linear bottlenecks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 4510–4520
Hermans A, Beyer L, Leibe B (2017) In defense of the triplet loss for person re-identification. arXiv:1703.07737
Wang L, Shi J, Song G, Shen I-f (2007) Object detection combining recognition and segmentation. In: Yagi Y, Kang SB, Kweon IS, Zha H (eds) Computer vision – ACCV 2007, pp 189–199. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Li W, Zhao R, Xiao T, Wang X (2014) Deepreid: Deep filter pairing neural network for person re-identification. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 152–159
Herzog F, Ji X, Teepe T, Hörmann S, Gilg J, Rigoll G (2021) Lightweight multi-branch network for person re-identification. In: 2021 IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP), pp 1129–1133. IEEE
Li D, Chen S, Zhong Y, Liang F, Ma L (2022) Dip: Learning discriminative implicit parts for person re-identification. arXiv:2212.13906
Dosovitskiy A, Beyer L, Kolesnikov A, Weissenborn D, Zhai X, Unterthiner T, Dehghani M, Minderer M, Heigold G, Gelly S, et al (2020) An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale. arXiv:2010.11929
Zhang S, Yin Z, Wu X, Wang K, Zhou Q, Kang B (2021) Fpb: feature pyramid branch for person re-identification. arXiv:2108.01901
Acknowledgements
This research is funded by Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST) under project number T2022-PC-052.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest with regard to this work.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Dang, T.L., Pham, T.H., Le, D.L. et al. Person re-identification on lightweight devices: end-to-end approach. Multimed Tools Appl 83, 73569–73582 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-024-19111-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-024-19111-0