Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Broadband beamforming of dense aperture array (DAA) and focal plane array (FPA) signals using 3D spatio-temporal filters for applications in aperture synthesis radio astronomy

  • Published:
Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

It is shown that 3D spatio-temporal filters have potential applications in aperture synthesis radio astronomy for the broadband-beamforming of the array of signals that is received from dense aperture arrays (DAAs) and also from focal plane arrays (FPAs). In particular, we consider possible applications for the planned Square Kilometer Array (SKA) project where broadband beamforming is required at the front-end of the signal processing system for some experiments such as pulsar timing. In the case of a synthesized aperture that is composed of DAAs, the required 3D magnitude frequency response has a non-separable narrow-cone-shaped (or narrow-frustum-shaped) passband whereas, for FPAs, the required 3D magnitude frequency response has a non-separable wide-cone-shaped (or wide-frustum-shaped) passband. The corresponding 3D passbands are designed to faithfully transmit the celestial signals of interest (SOIs), whereas the 3D stopbands are designed to significantly attenuate such undesired signal components such as natural and artificial sources of radio frequency interference (RFI) and the dominant part of the 3D electronic broadband noise that is contributed by millions of low noise amplifiers (LNAs), each of which amplifies the signal received in each elemental antenna of the DAAs or FPAs. The criteria for designing both narrow- and wide-cone/frustal filters, in order to achieve optimal sensitivity, are presented in terms of the power of the recovered signal and the power of the contaminating noise.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baars J. W. (2007) The paraboloidal reflector antenna in radio astronomy and communication: Theory and practice (astrophysics and space science library), 1st edn. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya A. K. (2006) Phased array antennas: Floquet analysis, synthesis, BFNs and active array systems, 1st edn. Wiley-Interscience, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bose N. K. (2003) Multidimensional systems: Theory and applications. Springer, Berlin

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bose N. K., Ping L. (1996) Neural network fundamentals with graphs, algorithms, and applications. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bose N. K. (1993) Digital filters: Theory and applications, 2nd edn. Krieger Publishing Company, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Bose, N. K. (eds) (1985) Multidimensional systems theory: Progress, directions and open problems. Reidel, Dordrecht

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bose N. K. (1982) Applied multidimensional systems theory. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bruton L., Bartley N. (1985) Three-dimensional image processing using the concept of network resonance. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems 32(7): 664–672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruton L. T. (2003) Three-dimensional cone filter banks. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, [see also IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers] 50(2): 208–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunton, J. D. (2003). SKA memo 40: Figure of merit for SKA survey speed. International SKA Project Office, Technical report http://www.skatelescope.org/pages/documents_3.htm. Accessed 11 March 2010.

  • Carlson A. B., Crilly P. B., Rutledge J. (2001) Communication systems, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, Maidenherd

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordes J. M., McLaughlin M. A. (2003) Searches for fast radio transients. The Astrophysical Journal 596: 1142–1154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craeye C., Parvais B., Dardenne X. (2004) MoM simulation of signal-to-noise patterns in infinite and finite receiving antenna arrays. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 52(12): 3245–3256

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Davis P. J., Philip R. (2007) Methods of numerical integration, 2nd edn. Dover Publications, New York

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • DeBoer D. et al (2009) Australian SKA pathfinder: A high-dynamic range wide-field of view survey telescope. Proceedings of the IEEE 97(8): 1507–1521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dudgeon D. E., Mersereau R. M. (1983) Multidimensional digital signal processing, 3rd edn. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewdney P. et al (2009) The square kilometre array. Proceedings of the IEEE 97(8): 1482–1496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faulkner, A. J., et al. (2008). Design of an aperture phased array system for the SKA. In Proceedings of URSI general assembly. http://www.ursi-test.intec.ugent.be/files/URSIGA08/papers/J02p9.pdf. Accessed 11 March 2010.

  • Fisher, J. R., & Bradley, R. F. (2000). Full-sampling focal plane arrays. In Proceedings of imaging at radio through submillimeter wavelengths (Vol. 217, pp. 11–18). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ASPC..217...11F.

  • Gunaratne, T. K., & Bruton, L. T. (2008). 3D FIR ST cone filters for potential applications in focal plane arrays, oral Presentation at dominion radio astrophysical observatory (DRAO). Penticton, BC, Canada.

  • Gunaratne, T. K., & Bruton, L. T. (2009). The University of Calgary—Focal Plane Field Calculator (UC-FPFC) and Its Applications, Oral presentation at Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory (DRAO). Penticton, BC, Canada.

  • Hall, P. (2005). The square kilometre array: An engineering perspective, Springer. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3798-8. Accessed 11 March 2010.

  • Hall P. J., Schilizzi R. T., Dewdney P., Lazio T. J. W. (2008) The square kilometer array (SKA) radio telescope: Progress and technical directions. The Radio Science Bulletin 326: 4–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen R. C. (1998) Phased array antennas. Wiley, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hay, S., et al. (2007). Focal plane array development for ASKAP (Australian SKA Pathfinder). In Proceedings of the Second IEEE European Conference on Antennas and Propagation.

  • Hayman, D., et al. (2005). Encircled power study of focal plane field for estimating focal plane array size. In Proceedings of 2005 IEEE Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (Vol. 3(A), pp. 371–374).

  • Jones D. (2008) Characterization of a phased array feed model. Master of science. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuenzle B., Bruton L. T. (2006) 3-D IIR filtering using decimated DFT-polyphase filter bank structures. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Paper 53(2): 394–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liyanage, N., Bruton L. T., & Agathoklis P. (2009). On the attenuation of interference and mutual coupling in antenna arrays using 3D space-time filters. In The proceedings of IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing (PACRIM 2009).

  • Liyanage N. (2009) 3D space-time digital filtering for radio astronomy, master of applied science. University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu W.-S., Antoniou A. (1992) Two-dimensional digital filters. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Rohlfs K., Wilson T. L. (2003) Tools of radio astronomy, 4th edn. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Schröder H., Blume H. (2000) One-and-multidimensional signal processing: Algorithms and applications in image processing. Wiley, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Schilizzi, R. T., Dewdney, P. E. F., & Lazio, T. J. W. (2008). The square kilometre array. In Ground- based and Airborne Telescopes II. SPIE. 70121I-13. http://link.aip.org/link/?PSI/7012/70121I/1.

  • Scott, C. R. (1990). Modern methods of reflector antenna analysis and design. Artech House Publishers

  • Smolders A., & Kant, G. (1999). System specification: THEA, SKA memo. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.75.3292&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Accessed 10 March 2010.

  • TICRA (2010). GRASP9—General reflector and antenna farm analysis software. http://www.ticra.com/script/site/page.asp?artid=166&cat_id=148. Accessed 10 March 2010.

  • Trees H. L. V. (2002) Nonlinear modulation theory. Wiley-Interscience, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaidyanathanm P. P. (1992) Multirate systems and filter banks. Prentice Hall PTR, Englewood Cliffs, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • van Ardenne A. et al (2004) Electronic multi-beam radio astronomy concept: EMBRACE a demonstrator for the European SKA program. Experimental Astronomy 17(1): 65–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Ardenne A. et al (2009) Extending the field of view with phased array techniques: Results of European SKA research. Proceedings of the IEEE 97(8): 1531–1542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veidt, B., & Dewdney, P. (2005). A phased-array feed demonstrator for radio telescopes. In Proceedings of International Union of Radio Science (URSI)—XXVIIIth General Assembly. New Delhi, India.

  • Volakis J. L. (2007) Antenna engineering handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Weem, J.-P., & Popovic, Z. (2001). A method for determining noise coupling in a phased array antenna. In Proceedings of 2001 IEEE Microwave Symposium Diges (Vol. 1, pp. 271–274).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada

    Thushara K. Gunaratne & Len T. Bruton

Authors
  1. Thushara K. Gunaratne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Len T. Bruton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Len T. Bruton.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gunaratne, T.K., Bruton, L.T. Broadband beamforming of dense aperture array (DAA) and focal plane array (FPA) signals using 3D spatio-temporal filters for applications in aperture synthesis radio astronomy. Multidim Syst Sign Process 22, 213–236 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11045-010-0130-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11045-010-0130-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation