Abstract
This work proposes a fully distributed protection mechanism for a ring-based wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (PON) broadband access architecture that can be utilized as an all-packet-based converged fixed-mobile access networking transport infrastructure for backhauling mobile traffic. Such an architecture will enable the true integration of PON-based and fourth-generation mobile broadband access technologies into the envisioned fixed-mobile platform. Specifically, this paper proposes two different fault detection and recovery schemes, namely, fully distributed and hybrid (distributed/centralized). In this ring-based architecture, each optical network unit can independently detect, manage, and recover most of the networking failure scenarios. The proposed protection schemes are capable of protecting against both node and distribution/trunk fiber failures and enable the recovery of all network traffic including upstream, downstream, and LAN data. In addition, these schemes can also protect against any combination of concurrent double failures including trunk/distribution fiber breaks and node failures. The hybrid architecture delivers these efficient resilience capabilities and incurs almost no additional power loss compared to that of the normal working architecture.







Similar content being viewed by others
References
UMTS Evolution.: From 3GPP Release 7 to Release 8, HSPA and SAE/LTE. www.3gamericans.org (2008)
3GPP.: TS 23.401: GPRS enhancements for E-UTRAN access (2007)
Ekstrom, H.: QoS control in the 3GPP evolved packet system. IEEE Commun. Mag. 47(2), 76–83 (2009)
IEEE Standard 802.6e-2005.: Air interface for fixed and mobile broadband wireless access systems (2006)
IEEE Communications Magazine, “Special issue on LTE-Advanced”, 50(2), (2012)
Shumate, P.W.: Fiber-to-the-home: 1997–2007. IEEE/OSA J. Lightwave Technol. 26(9), 1093–1103 (2008)
Lee, C.-H., et al.: Fiber to the home using a PON infrastructure. IEEE/OSA J. Lightwave Technol. 24(12), 4568–4583 (2006)
Kazovsky, L.G., et al.: Next-generation optical access networks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightwave Technol. 25(11), 3428–3442 (2007)
Maier, M., et al.: STARGATE: the next evolutionary step toward unleashing the potential of WDM EPONs. IEEE Commun. Mag. 45(5), 50–56 (2007)
Zaidi, S. et al.: A simple and cost-effective EPON-based 4G mobile backhaul RAN architecture. In: Proc. IEEE Global Communications Conference (Globecom), (2012)
Madamopoulos, N., et al.: A fully distributed 10G-EPON-based converged fixed–mobile networking transport infrastructure for next generation broadband access. IEEE/OSA J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 4(5), 366–377 (2012)
Ali, M.A., et al.: On the vision of complete fixed–mobile convergence. IEEE/OSA J. Lightwave Technol. 28(16), 2343–2357 (2010)
Erkan, H., et al.: Dynamic and fair resource allocation in a distributed ring-based WDM-PON architectures. Comput. Commun. J. 36(14), 1559–1569 (2013)
Ranaweera, C., et al.: Design and optimization of fiber optic small-cell backhaul based on an existing fiber-to-the-node residential access network. IEEE Commun. Mag. 51(9), 62–69 (2013)
ITU-T recommendation G.983.1.: Broadband optical access systems based on passive optical networks (PON), (1998)
Chan, T.J., et al.: A self-protected architecture for wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical networks. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 15(11), 1660–1662 (2003)
Wang, Z.X., et al.: A novel centrally controlled protection scheme for traffic restoration in WDM passive optical networks. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17(3), 717–719 (2005)
Lee, C.M. et al.: A group protection architecture (GPA) for traffic restoration in multi-wavelength passive optical network. In:, Proc. European Conference on Optical Communications (ECOC), Rimini, September 2003
Sun, X.F., et al.: A survivable WDM-PON architecture with centralized alternate-path protection switching for traffic restoration. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(4), 631–633 (2006)
Son, E.S. et al.: Survivable network architectures for WDM PON. In: Proc. IEEE/OSA Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), Anaheim (2005)
Nakamura, H., et al.: Reliable wide-area wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network accommodating gigabit ethernet and 10-Gb ethernet services. IEEE/OSA J. Lightwave Technol. 24(5), 2045–2051 (2006)
Lee, K., et al.: A self-restorable architecture for bidirectional wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network with colorless ONUs. OSA Opt. Express 15, 4863–4868 (2007)
Lee, K., et al.: Reliable wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network using novel protection scheme. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 20(9), 679–681 (2008)
Zhu, M. et al.: A centrally-controlled self-protected WDM-PON using \(N \times N\) arrayed waveguide gratings. In: Proc. 10th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN), (2011)
Zhu, M., et al.: A new cross-protection dual-WDM-PON architecture with carrier-reuse colorless ONUs. Opt. Commun. 285(15), 3254–3258 (2012)
Yeh, C., et al.: Fiber-fault protection WDM-PON using new apparatus in optical networking unit. Opt. Commun. 285(7), 1803–1806 (2012)
Zhu, Z. et al.: Survivable wavelength-division-multiplexing passive optical network system with centralized protection routing scheme and efficient wavelength utilization. Opt. Eng. 52(9), (2013). doi:10.1117/1.OE.52.9.096109
Feng, H., Ge, J., Xiao, S., Fok, M.P.: Suppression of Rayleigh backscattering noise using cascaded-SOA and microwave photonic filter for 10 Gb/s loop-back WDM-PON. OSA Opt. Express 22(10), 11770–11777 (2014)
Yousaf, K., Yu, C.-X., Xin, X.-J., Amjad, A., Aftab, H., Liu, B.: Rayleigh backscattering minimization in single fiber color-less WDM-PON using intensity remodulation technique. Optoelectron. Lett. 8(5), 1–4 (2012)
Kramer, G.: Ethernet Passive Optical Networks. McGraw Hill, New York (2005)
Kramer, G., et al.: Interleaved polling with adaptive cycle time (IPACT): a dynamic bandwidth distribution scheme in an optical access network. Photonic Netw. Commun. 4(1), 89–107 (2002)
Sherif, S., et al.: A novel distributed ethernet-based PON access architecture for provisioning differentiated QoS. IEEE/OSA J. Lightwave Technol. 22(11), 2483–2497 (2004)
Delowar, A., et al.: Ring-based local access PON architecture for supporting private networking capability. OSA J. Opt. Netw. 5(1), 26–39 (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work was partially supported by the Cyprus Research Promotion Foundation’s Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Innovation 2008 (DESMI 2008), co-funded by the Republic of Cyprus and the European Regional Development Fund, and specifically under Grant ANAVATHMISI/PAGIO/0308/30, and by the National Science Foundation, USA under Grant ECCS-0901563.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Erkan, H., Ellinas, G., Hadjiantonis, A. et al. Reliability considerations of the emerging PON-based 4G mobile backhaul RAN architecture. Photon Netw Commun 29, 40–56 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-014-0459-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-014-0459-x