Abstract
Eisert–Wilkens–Lewenstein scheme is the well-known quantization scheme that exploits only controlled unitary operators due to the requirement of having a classical game as a subset of the quantum version. By revoking this requirement, the modified Eisert–Wilkens–Lewenstein scheme is proposed to admit the other two-qubit entangling operators. In the present work, we introduce the notions of decoherence and memory in the modified Eisert–Wilkens–Lewenstein scheme. While decoherence is known to decrease the payoffs of the players, memory increases it. Further, the present work reveals the availability of suitable entangling operators, which can increase (decrease) the effect of memory (decoherence) on the average payoff of the players under the given game setting.






Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Myerson, R.B.: Game Theory: Analysis of Conflict. Harvard University Press (1992)
Von Neumann, J., Morgenstern, O.: Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press (1947)
Guo, H., Zhang, J., Koehler, G.J.: A survey of quantum games. Decis. Support Syst. 46(1), 318–332 (2008)
Meyer, D.A.: Quantum strategies. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1052–1055 (1999)
Eisert, J., Wilkens, M., Lewenstein, M.: Quantum games and quantum strategies. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3077–3080 (1999)
Benjamin, S.C., Hayden, P.M.: Multiplayer quantum games. Phys. Rev. A 64, 030301(R) (2001)
Du, J., Xu, X., Li, H., Zhou, X., Han, R.: Entanglement playing a dominating role in quantum games. Phys. Letts. A. 289, 9–15 (2001)
Elgazzar, A.S.: Quantum prisoner’s dilemma in a restricted one parametric strategic space. Appl. Math. Comput. 370, 124927 (2020)
Elgazzar, A.S.: Coopetition in quantum prisoner’s dilemma and COVID-19. Quant. Info. Process. 20, 102 (2021)
Flitney, A.P., Abbott, D.: Advantage of a quantum player over a classical one in 2 × 2 quantum games. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 459, 2463–2474 (2003)
Schmid, C., Flitney, A.P., Wieczorek, W., Kiesel, N., Weinfurter, H., Hollenberg, L.C.L.: Experimental implementation of four player quantum game. New J. Phys. 12, 063031 (2010)
Marinatto, L., Weber, T.: A quantum approach to static games of complete information. Phys. Lett. A 272, 291–303 (2000)
Li, Q., Iqbal, A., Perc, M., Chen, M., Abbott, D.: Coevolution of quantum and classical strategies on evolving random networks. PLoS ONE 8(7), e68423 (2013)
Sankrith, S., Dave, B., Balakrishnan, S.: Significance of entangling operators in quantum two penny flip game. Braz. J. Phys. 49(6), 859–863 (2019)
Eisert, J., Wilkens, M.: Quantum games. J. Mod. Opt. 47, 2543–2556 (2000)
Chen, L.K., Ang, H., Kiang, D., Kwek, L.C., Lo, C.F.: Quantum prisoner dilemma under decoherence. Phys. Letts. A 316, 317–323 (2003)
Flitney, A.P., Abbott, D.: Quantum games with decoherence. J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 38, 449 (2005)
Khan, S., Ramzan, M., Khan, M.K.: Quantum Parrondo’s game under decoherence. Int. J Theor. Phys 49, 31 (2010)
Flitney, A.P., Hollenberg, L.C.L.: Multiplayer quantum minority game with decoherence. Quant. Inf. Comput. 7(1–2), 111–127 (2007)
Nawaz, A.: The generalized quantization schemes for games and its application to quantum information, Ph.D. thesis, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan (2007). http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/1012.1933
Ramzan, M., Nawaz, A., Toor, A.H., Khan, M.K.: The effect of quantum memory on quantum games. J. Phys. A. Math. Theor. 41(5), 055307 (2008)
Nawaz, A., Toor, A.H.: Quantum games with correlated noise. J. Phys. A: Math. Gen 39, 9321 (2006)
Macchiavello, C., Palma, G.M.: Entanglement-enhanced information transmission over a quantum channel with correlated noise. Phys. Rev. A 65, 050301 (2002)
Vijayakrishnan, V., Balakrishnan, S.: Role of two-qubit entangling operators in the modified Eisert–Wilkens–Lewenstein approach of quantization. Quant. Info. Process. 18, 112 (2019)
Khan, F.S., Solmeyer, N., Balu, R., et al.: Quantum games: a review of the history, current state, and interpretation. Quant. Info. Process. 17, 309 (2018)
Zhang, J., Vala, J., Whaley, K.B., Sastry, S.: Geometric theory of nonlocal two-qubit operations. Phys. Rev. A 67, 042313 (2003)
Rezakhani, A.T.: Characterization of two-qubit perfect entanglers. Phys. Rev. A 70, 052313 (2004)
Acknowledgements
Authors gratefully acknowledge the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions which improved the paper to the present form.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kameshwari, A.V.S., Balakrishnan, S. Study of decoherence and memory in modified Eisert–Wilkens–Lewenstein scheme. Quantum Inf Process 20, 282 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-021-03216-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-021-03216-8