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Adaptive LSB quantum image watermarking algorithm based on Haar wavelet transforms

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Abstract

In this paper, a novel scheme for quantum image watermarking based on novel enhanced quantum representation of digital images (NEQR) is proposed which can embed a \({{\text {2}}^{n-1}}\times {{\text {2}}^{n-1}}\) binary watermark image into a \({\text {2}^{n}}\times {{\text {2}}^{n}}\) grayscale carrier image. Since only the least significant bits of the diagonal details of the carrier image are embedded with the watermark information, the embedded image is highly consistent with the carrier image after restoration. Again by reversing the embedding, the copyright owner can simply extract the watermarked image. The simulation technique confirms the invisibility and robustness of the proposed watermarking method. The embedded watermarked image and the carrier image are highly relevant, with peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) above 48 dB, structural similarity index metric (SSIM) above 0.997 and correlation coefficient (R) above 0.994. The robustness of the proposal is demonstrated by checking the bit error rate (BER) count and R after it has been attacked. Through the above embedding method, the watermarked image can ensure its robustness and achieve better visual effects.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61772295), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Grant Nos. ZR2021MF049, ZR2019YQ01) and Project of Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund Application (ZR202108020011).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Science, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China

    Yiming Yu & Shumei Wang

  2. School of Information and Control Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China

    Jie Gao & Xiaoyi Mu

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  1. Yiming Yu
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Correspondence to Shumei Wang.

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Yu, Y., Gao, J., Mu, X. et al. Adaptive LSB quantum image watermarking algorithm based on Haar wavelet transforms. Quantum Inf Process 22, 180 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-023-03926-1

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