Abstract
In the current era of big data, the privacy of user behavior is as important as the privacy of their data. In this paper, we propose a single ternary quantum homomorphic encryption (QHE) protocol based on qubit rotation, which has high security and flexibility. The user utilizes the classical angle as the key for QHE, and encryption and decryption do not need to be implemented in a specific order. Based on this flexible QHE protocol, we further propose a quantum privacy query (QPQ) protocol. Our protocol uses homologous encryption to send query requests and obtain results after processing with an oracle machine—which exists independently of the database—in one round of communication. Our protocol has advantages in terms of its feasibility and efficiency. In addition to this, our protocol offers new ideas for implementing QPQ.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Assunção, M.D., Calheiros, R.N., Bianchi, S., Netto, M.A., Buyya, R.: Big data computing and clouds: trends and future directions. J. Parallel Distrib Comput 79, 3–15 (2015)
Schleich, W.P., Ranade, K.S., Anton, C., Arndt, M., Aspelmeyer, M., Bayer, M., Berg, G., Calarco, T., Fuchs, H., Giacobino, E., et al.: Quantum technology: from research to application. Appl. Phys. B 122(5), 1–31 (2016)
Mitra, S., Jana, B., Bhattacharya, S., Pal, P., Poray, J.: Quantum cryptography: Overview, security issues and future challenges. In: 2017 4th International Conference on Opto-Electronics and Applied Optics (Optronix), pp. 1–7 (2017). IEEE
Fisher, K.A., Broadbent, A., Shalm, L., Yan, Z., Lavoie, J., Prevedel, R., Jennewein, T., Resch, K.J.: Quantum computing on encrypted data. Nat. Commun. 5(1), 1–7 (2014)
Rohde, P.P., Fitzsimons, J.F., Gilchrist, A.: Quantum walks with encrypted data. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109(15), 150501 (2012)
Liang, M.: Symmetric quantum fully homomorphic encryption with perfect security. Quantum Inf. Process. 12(12), 3675–3687 (2013)
Wang, Y., She, K., Luo, Q., Yang, F., Zhao, C.: Symmetric weak ternary quantum homomorphic encryption schemes. Mod. Phys. Lett. B 30(07), 1650076 (2016)
Sun, X., Wang, T., Sun, Z., Wang, P., Yu, J., Xie, W.: An efficient quantum somewhat homomorphic symmetric searchable encryption. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 56(4), 1335–1345 (2017)
Liang, M.: Teleportation-based quantum homomorphic encryption scheme with quasi-compactness and perfect security. Quantum Inf. Process. 19(1), 1–32 (2020)
Liang, M.: Quantum fully homomorphic encryption scheme based on universal quantum circuit. Quantum Inf. Process. 14(8), 2749–2759 (2015)
Ouyang, Y., Tan, S.-H., Fitzsimons, J.F.: Quantum homomorphic encryption from quantum codes. Phys. Rev. A 98(4), 042334 (2018)
Zhang, Y., Shang, T., Liu, J.: A multi-valued quantum fully homomorphic encryption scheme. Quantum Inf. Process. 20(3), 1–25 (2021)
Chang, Y., Xiong, J., Gao, X., Zhang, S., Yan, L.: Quantum private query protocol based on epr pairs. Chin. J. Electron. 27(2), 256–262 (2018)
Chor, B., Goldreich, O., Kushilevitz, E., Sudan, M.: Private information retrieval. In: Proceedings of IEEE 36th Annual Foundations of Computer Science, pp. 41–50 (1995). IEEE
Giovannetti, V., Lloyd, S., Maccone, L.: Quantum private queries. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(23), 230502 (2008)
De Martini, F., Giovannetti, V., Lloyd, S., Maccone, L., Nagali, E., Sansoni, L., Sciarrino, F.: Experimental quantum private queries with linear optics. Phys. Rev. A 80(1), 010302 (2009)
Olejnik, L.: Secure quantum private information retrieval using phase-encoded queries. Phys. Rev. A 84(2), 022313 (2011)
Jakobi, M., Simon, C., Gisin, N., Bancal, J.-D., Branciard, C., Walenta, N., Zbinden, H.: Practical private database queries based on a quantum-key-distribution protocol. Phys. Rev. A 83(2), 022301 (2011)
Gao, F., Liu, B., Wen, Q.-Y., Chen, H.: Flexible quantum private queries based on quantum key distribution. Opt. Express 20(16), 17411–17420 (2012)
Yang, Y.-G., Sun, S.-J., Xu, P., Tian, J.: Flexible protocol for quantum private query based on b92 protocol. Quantum Inf. Process. 13(3), 805–813 (2014)
Chang, Y., Zhang, S., Han, G., Sheng, Z., Yan, L., Xiong, J.: Quantum private query protocol based on two non-orthogonal states. Entropy 18(5), 163 (2016)
Giovannetti, V., Lloyd, S., Maccone, L.: Quantum private queries: security analysis. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 56(7), 3465–3477 (2010)
Zhu, H., Wang, L., Wang, C.: Privacy-enhanced multi-user quantum private data query using partial quantum homomorphic encryption. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 60(6), 2090–2101 (2021)
Wang, Y., Chen, G., Jian, L., Zhou, Y., Liu, S.: Ternary quantum public-key cryptography based on qubit rotation. Quantum Inf. Process. 21(6), 1–15 (2022)
Nikolopoulos, G.M.: Applications of single-qubit rotations in quantum public-key cryptography. Phys. Rev. A 77(3), 032348 (2008)
Di, Y., Zhang, J., Wei, H.: Cartan decomposition of a two-qutrit gate. Sci. China, Ser. G 51(11), 1668–1676 (2008)
Di, Y.-M., Wei, H.-R.: Elementary Gates for Ternary Quantum Logic Circuit. arXiv preprint arXiv:1105.5485 (2011)
Zhang, Y.-J., Shang, T., Liu, J.-W., Wu, W.: Quantum homomorphic encryption based on quantum obfuscation. In: 2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), pp. 2010–2015 (2020). IEEE
Boykin, P.O., Roychowdhury, V.: Optimal encryption of quantum bits. Phys. Rev. A 67(4), 042317 (2003)
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the financial supports from the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (Grant No. 2020J01812).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, G., Wang, Y., Jian, L. et al. Quantum private query based on quantum homomorphic encryption with qubit rotation. Quantum Inf Process 22, 234 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-023-04000-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-023-04000-6