Abstract
In this paper, we concern on different methods to realize hierarchical quantum information splitting of an arbitrary m-qudit state with multiple agents. Two deterministic universal solutions are proposed with the aid of the symmetry feature of cluster state. There exists a hierarchy among the agents in terms of their abilities which are quantified by nonconditioned fidelity. The upper-grade agent needs the assistance of all the remaining upper-grade agents and any one of the lower-grade agents, while the lower-grade agent needs all the other agents’ collaboration. It is worth mentioning that the recovery operation is derived by a general expression which clearly discloses the relationship with the measurement results. Moreover, we consider the effect of two-type high-dimensional decoherence noises.



Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Data availability
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study
References
Kwek, L.C., Cao, L., Luo, W., Wang, Y.X., Sun, S.H., Wang, X.B., Liu, A.Q.: Chip-based quantum key distribution. AAPPS Bull. 31, 15 (2021)
Yan, Y.F., Zhou, L., Zhong, W., Sheng, Y.B.: Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution of multiple degrees of freedom of a single photon. Front. Phys. 16, 11501 (2021)
Gu, J., Cao, X.Y., Fu, Y., He, Z.W., Yin, Z.J., Yin, H., Yin, H.L., Chen, Z.B.: Experimental measurement-device-independent type quantum key distribution with flawed and correlated sources. Sci. Bull. 67, 2167–2175 (2022)
Xie, Y.M., Lu, Y.S., Weng, C.X., Cao, X.Y., Jia, Z.Y., Bao, Y., Wang, Y., Fu, Y., Yin, H.L., Chen, Z.B.: Breaking the rate-loss bound of quantum key distribution with asynchronous two-photon interference. PRX Quantum 3, 020315 (2022)
Li, Z.J., Wei, K.J.: Improving parameter optimization in decoy-state quantum key distribution. Quantum Eng. 4, 9717591 (2022)
Liu, B., Xia, S., Xiao, D., Huang, W., Xu, B.J., Li, Y.: Decoy-state method for quantum-key-distribution-based quantum private query. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 65, 240312 (2022)
Banerjee, A., Pathak, A.: Maximally efficient protocols for direct secure quantum communication. Phys. Lett. A 376, 2944–2950 (2012)
Zou, Z.K., Zhou, L., Zhong, W., Sheng, Y.B.: Measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication of multiple degrees of freedom of a single photon. EPL 131, 40005 (2020)
Sheng, Y.B., Zhou, L., Long, G.L.: One-step quantum secure direct communication. Sci. Bull. 67, 367–374 (2022)
Zhou, L., Sheng, Y.B.: One-step device-independent quantum secure direct communication. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 65, 250311 (2022)
Liu, X., Luo, D., Lin, G.S., Chen, Z.H., Huang, C.F., Li, S.Z., Zhang, C.X., Zhang, Z.R., Wei, K.J.: Fiber-based quantum secure direct communication without active polarization compensation. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 65, 120311 (2022)
Li, M.S., Wang, Y.L.: Masking quantum information in multipartite scenario. Phys. Rev. A 98, 062306 (2018)
Shen, Y., Zhang, F.L., Chen, Y.Z., Zhou, C.C.: Masking quantum information in the Kitaev Abelian anyons. Phys. A 612, 128495 (2023)
Hillery, M., Buzek, V., Berthiaume, A.: Quantum secret sharing. Phys. Rev. A 59, 1829–1834 (1999)
Hu, W.W., Zhou, R.G., Li, X., Fan, P., Tan, C.Y.: A novel dynamic quantum secret sharing in high-dimensionalquantum system. Quantum Inf. Process. 20, 159 (2021)
Gu, J., Cao, X.Y., Yin, H.L., Chen, Z.B.: Differential phase shift quantum secret sharing using a twin field. Opt. Express 29, 9165–9173 (2021)
Ahlswede, R., Csiszar, I.: Common randomness in information theory and cryptography. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theor. 39, 1121–1132 (1993)
Fu, Y., Yin, H.L., Chen, T.Y., Chen, Z.B.: Long-distance measurement-device-independent multiparty quantum communication. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 090501 (2015)
Bennett, C.H., Brassard, G., Crépeau, C., Jozsa, R., Peres, A., Wootters, W.K.: Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1895–1899 (1993)
Wiesner, S.: Conjugate coding. ACM Sigact News 15, 78–88 (1983)
Lipinska, V., Ribeiro, J., Wehner, S.: Secure multiparty quantum computation with few qubits. Phys. Rev. A 102, 022405 (2022)
Hou, K., Liu, G.H., Zhang, X.Y., Sheng, S.Q.: An efficient scheme for five-party quantum state sharing of an arbitrary \(m\)-qubit state using multiqubit cluster states. Quantum Inf. Process. 10, 463–473 (2011)
Luo, M.X., Deng, Y.: Quantum splitting an arbitrary three-qubit state with \(\chi \)-state. Quantum Inf. Process. 12, 773–784 (2013)
Li, H.J., Li, J., Xiang, N., Zheng, Y., Yang, Y.G., Naseri, M.: A new kind of universal and flexible quantum information splitting scheme with multi-coin quantum walks. Quantum Inf. Process. 18, 316 (2019)
Lai, H., Pieprzyk, J., Pan, L., Orgun, M.A.: Two types of dynamic quantum state secret sharing based on tensor networks states. Phys. A 582, 126257 (2021)
Xu, G., Zhou, T.A., Chen, X.B., Wang, X.J.: Splitting an arbitrary three-qubit state via a five-qubit cluster state and a Bell state. Entropy 24, 381 (2022)
Lu, H., Zhang, Z., Chen, L.K., Li, Z.D., Liu, C., Li, L., Liu, N.L., Ma, X.F., Chen, Y.A., Pan, J.W.: Secret sharing of a quantum state. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 030501 (2016)
Lee, S.M., Lee, S.W., Jeong, H., Park, H.S.: Quantum teleportation of shared quantum secret. Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 060501 (2020)
Wang, X.W., Xia, L.X., Wang, Z.Y., Zhang, D.Y.: Hierarchical quantum information splitting. Opt. Commun. 283, 1196–1199 (2010)
Wotters, W.K., Zurek, W.H.: A single quantum cannot be clone. Nature 299, 802–803 (1982)
Wang, X.W., Zhang, D.Y., Tang, S.Q.: Multiparty hierarchical quantum information splitting. J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys 44, 035505 (2011)
Xu, G., Wang, C., Yang, Y.X.: Hierarchical quantum information splitting of an arbitrary two-qubit state via the cluster state. Quantum Inf. Process. 13, 43–57 (2014)
Zha, X.W., Miao, N., Wang, H.F.: Hierarchical Quantum information splitting of an arbitrary two-qubit using a single quantum resource. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 58, 2428–2434 (2019)
Wang, N.N., Ma, S.Y., Li, X.: Hierarchical controlled quantum communication via the \(\chi \) state under noisy environment. Mod. Phys. Lett. A 60, 2050306 (2020)
Tang, J., Ma, S.Y., Li, Q.: Universal hierarchical quantum information splitting schemes of an arbitrary multi-qubit state. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 61, 209 (2022)
Guo, W.M., Qin, L.R.: Hierarchical and probabilistic quantum information splitting of an arbitrary two-qubit state via two cluster states. Chin. Phys. B 27, 110302 (2018)
Xu, G., Shan, R.T., Chen, X.B.: Probabilistic and hierarchical quantum information splitting based on the non-maximally entangled cluster state. Comput. Mat. Continua. 69, 339–349 (2021)
Tang, J., Ma, S.Y., Li, Q.: Probabilistic hierarchical quantum information splitting of arbitrary multi-qubit states. Entropy 24, 1077 (2022)
Feng, K.H., Lu, X.Q., Zhou, P.: Probabilistic hierarchically controlled teleportation of an arbitrary \(m\)-qudit state with a pure entangled quantum channel. Sci. Sin.-Phys. Mech. Astron. (in Chinese) 52, 230311 (2022)
Cao, T.B., An, N.B.: Hierarchically controlling quantum teleportations. Quantum Inf. Process. 18, 245 (2019)
Cozzolino, D., Da Lio, B., Bacco, D., Oxenlowe, L.K.: High-dimensional quantum communication: benefits, progress, and future challenges. Adv. Quantum Technol. 2, 1900038 (2019)
Li, Q., Ma, S.Y., Tang, J.: Hierarchical remote preparation of arbitrary dimensional equatorial states. Mod. Phys. Lett. A 37, 25 (2022)
Jin, R.H., Wei, W.S., Zhou, P.: Hierarchical controlled remote preparation of an arbitrary \(m\)-qudit state with four-qudit cluster states. Quantum Inf. Process. 22, 113 (2023)
Luo, M.X.: Nonsignaling causal hierachy of general multisource networks. Phys. Rev. A 101, 062317 (2020)
Zhou, N.R., Zhang, T.F., Xie, X.W., Wu, J.Y.: Hybrid quantum-classical generative adversarial networks for image generation via learning discrete distribution. Signal Process. Image Commun 110, 116891 (2023)
Li, X.H., Ghose, S.: Control power in perfect controlled teleportation via partially entangled channels. Phys. Rev. A 90, 052305 (2014)
Duan, W.X., Wang, T.J.: Control power of high-dimensional controlled dense coding. Phys. Rev. A 105, 052417 (2022)
Hein, M., Dür, W., Briegel, H.J.: Entanglement properties of multipartite entangled states under the infuence of decoherence. Phys. Rev. 71, 032350 (2005)
Dong, P., Xue, Z.Y., Yang, M., Cao, Z.L.: Generation of cluster states. Phys. Rev. 73, 033818 (2006)
Qu, Z.G., Liu, X.Z., Sun, L.: Learnable antinoise-receiver algorithm based on a quantum feedforward neural network in optical quantum communication. Phys. Rev. 105, 052427 (2022)
Yan, P.S., Zhou, L., Zhong, W., Sheng, Y.B.: Advances in quantum entanglement purification. Sci. China Phys. Mech. 66, 250301 (2023)
Babazadeh, A., Erhard, M., Wang, F., Malik, M., Nouroozi, R., Krenn, M., Zeilinger, A.: High-dimensional single-photon quantum gates: concepts and experiments. Phys. Rev. A 119, 180510 (2017)
De Oliveira, M., Nape, I., Pinnell, J., TabeBordbar, N., Forbes, A.: Experimental high-dimensional quantum secret sharing with spin-orbit-structured photons. Phys. Rev. A 101, 042303 (2020)
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61201253, 62172341, 62172196, 62272208).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ma, S., Jiang, J. & Yan, X. Hierarchical quantum information splitting of an arbitrary m-qudit state with multiparty. Quantum Inf Process 22, 263 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-023-04018-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-023-04018-w