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Quantum multi-party fair exchange protocol based on three-particle GHZ states

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Abstract

To address the risk of spoofing the information exchanged by users and reduce the trustworthiness of third party, we propose a quantum information fair exchange protocol based on three-particle GHZ states. This protocol achieves quantum multi-party fair exchange of secret information through the utilization of three-particle GHZ states, Pauli matrix, a semi-trusted third party, and polarization state of a single photon. By leveraging the unique physical properties of the GHZ state, this protocol achieves fair exchange of secret information with experimental results that align with theoretical derivation, thus demonstrating its feasibility. Additionally, it provides superdense coding which enhances transmission efficiency while also being resistant to false signal attacks, interception retransmission attacks, and entanglement attacks, ultimately improving security. Furthermore, compared with the classic fair exchange protocol, which requires a trusted third party, it only requires a semi-trusted third party, which raises the security from “computational security” to “unconditional security”. The implementation of this protocol resolves the risk of users who hand over information first, presenting a novel solution for digital currency trading, information swapping, and multi-party secure computing.

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The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

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Acknowledgements

This research is supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2020YFE0200600), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U22B2026), and Science Foundation of Xizang Minzu university (No. 23MDQ01).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China

    Yinghua Jiang, Liquan Chen, Ximing Gong, Yaqing Zhu & Yuan Gao

  2. College of Information Engineering, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, China

    Yinghua Jiang

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  1. Yinghua Jiang
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  2. Liquan Chen
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  3. Ximing Gong
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  4. Yaqing Zhu
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Correspondence to Liquan Chen.

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Jiang, Y., Chen, L., Gong, X. et al. Quantum multi-party fair exchange protocol based on three-particle GHZ states. Quantum Inf Process 22, 353 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-023-04102-1

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