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Novel quantum voting protocol for four-particle entangled states based on superdense coding

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Abstract

We propose a novel quantum voting protocol that utilizes superdense coding of four-particle entangled states. The protocol is simultaneously legitimate, anonymous, blind, verifiable and irreducible. In order to prevent malicious tampering of the public content, we introduce the distributed proof of work (PoW) consensus algorithm in blockchain as a database mechanism for voting participants. The voting protocol utilizes four-particle entangled states as a quantum resource to perform only single-particle operations, as well as GHZ basis measurements and \(\left\{ | 0 \rangle ,| 1\rangle \right\} \)-basis measurements. This means that our protocol can be successfully implemented using existing quantum information processing techniques. We conduct simulation experiments on the proposed voting protocol on the IBM Qiskit platform, and the results show that it is correct and feasible.

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Data Availability

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62171264) and Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.ZR2023MF080).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong, China

    Hao-Wen Zhang & Guang-Bao Xu

  2. College of Mathematics and Systems Science, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong, China

    Dong-Huan Jiang

Authors
  1. Hao-Wen Zhang
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  2. Guang-Bao Xu
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All authors contributed equally to the paper.

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Correspondence to Dong-Huan Jiang.

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Zhang, HW., Xu, GB. & Jiang, DH. Novel quantum voting protocol for four-particle entangled states based on superdense coding. Quantum Inf Process 24, 44 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-025-04663-3

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