Abstract
The energy consumption due to information technologies is large and there are many ongoing efforts to cut it down. Previous studies have shown that there is a significant percentage of hosts which are left switched on in office buildings at night and weekend, whose energy consumption is significant. This motivates the development of techniques that can detect switched-on hosts in a simple and scalable way. This paper proposes detection techniques based on network traffic monitoring. The results show that such techniques can effectively detect switched-on hosts in small-medium campus networks and also in large country-wide networks that serve more than one million users. Interestingly, the proposed techniques can be implemented using the existing network monitoring infrastructure, specially for large networks, at a negligible additional investment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kawamoto K, Koomey JG, Nordman B, Brown RE, Piette MA, Ting M, Meier AK (2001) Electricity used by office equipment and network equipment in the U.S. LBNL-45917 Report, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, USA, February
United States Report Addendum (2008) Smart 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age. A report by The Climate Group on behalf of the Global eSustainability Initiative
Benini L, Bogliolo A, Micheli GD (2000) A survey of design techniques for system level dynamic power management. IEEE Trans Very Large Scale Integr 8(3):299–316
Roberson JA, Webber CA, McWhinney MC, Brown RE, Pinckard MJ, Busch JF (2004) After-hours power status of office equipment and energy use of miscellaneous plug-load equipment. LBNL-53729 Report, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, USA, May
Nordman B, Meier A, Piette MA (1998) PC and monitor night status: power management enabling and manual turn-off. LBNL-46099 Report, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, USA, July
Chiaraviglio L, Mellia M (2010) Polisave: efficient power management of campus PCs. In: Proceedings IEEE international conference on software, telecommunications and computer networks, Bol, Croatia, September, pp 1–6
Verdiem Surveyor (2011) http://www.verdiem.com
John W, Tafvelin S (2007) Differences between in- and outbound Internet backbone traffic. In: Electronic proceedings of Terena networking conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, May
Ricciato F (2006) Unwanted traffic in 3G networks. ACM SIGCOMM Comput Commun Rev 36:53–56
Newsham G, Tiller D (1992) Case study of the energy consumption of desktop computers. In: Proceedings of the IEEE industry applications society annual conference, Houston, USA, October, pp 1218–1221
Hewlett-Packard Corporation, Intel Corporation, Microsoft Corporation, Phoenix Technologies Ltd., and Toshiba Corporation (2009) Advanced configuration and power interface specification, revision 4.0, June
Ginis G (2005) Low-power modes for ADSL2 and ADSL2+. White Paper, Broadband Communications Group, Texas Instruments, January
IEEE P802.3az (2010) Energy efficient Ethernet task force. http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/az
Chabarek J, Sommers J, Barford P, Estan C, Tsiang D, Wright S (2008) Power awareness in network design and routing. In: Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, Phoenix, USA, April, pp 457–465
Gupta M, Singh S (2003) Greening of the Internet. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM, Karlsruhe, Germany, August, pp 19–26
Mellah H, Sans‘o B (2009) Review of facts, data and proposals for a greener Internet. In: Proceedings of ICST BROADNETS, Madrid, Spain, September, pp 1–5
Hwang C-H, Wu A (2000) A predictive system shutdown method for energy saving of event-driven. ACM Trans Des Autom Electron Syst 5(2):226–241
RedIRIS (2011) What is RedIRIS? http://www.rediris.es/rediris/index.html.en
Leinen S (2004) Evaluation of candidate protocols for IP flow information export (IPFIX). RFC 3955, October
Choi B-Y, Bhattacharrya S (2005) Observations on Cisco sampled Netflow. ACM SIGMETRICS Perform Eval Rev 33:18–23
Bellovin SM (2002) A technique for counting NATted hosts. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Internet measurement, Marseille, France, November, pp 267–272
Postel J (ed) (1981) Internet control message protocol. RFC 792, USC/Information Sciences Institute, September
NMAP (2011) Network Mapper Security Scanner. http://nmap.org/
ARPing (2011) http://freshmeat.net/projects/arping/
Gouda MG, Liu AX (2005) A model of stateful firewalls and its properties. In: Proceedings of international conference on dependable systems and networks, Yokohama, Japan, June, pp 128–137
García-Dorado JL, Hernández JA, Aracil J, López de Vergara JE, Montserrat FJ, Robles E, de Miguel TP (2008) On the duration and spatial characteristics of Internet traffic measurement experiments. IEEE Commun Mag 46(11):148–155
Floyd S, Paxson V (2001) Difficulties in simulating the Internet. IEEE/ACM Trans Netw 9(4):392–403
Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency (2000) Carbon dioxide emissions from the generation of electric power in the United States, July
Bertoldi P, Atanasiu B (2007) Electricity consumption and efficiency trends in the enlarged European Union (status report 2006). UR 22753 EN, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, European Commission-JRC
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
García-Dorado, J.L., Magaña, E., Reviriego, P. et al. Network monitoring for energy efficiency in large-scale networks: the case of the Spanish Academic Network. J Supercomput 62, 1284–1304 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-011-0643-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-011-0643-z