Abstract
We present the design and implementation of a new object-oriented simulation platform for a decentralized material handling system called the Coordinated Conveying System (CCS). CCS is a new approach to conveying entities, i.e., materials and people. It is also a generalized framework in which the connections between structure and behavior can be systematically studied. In this system, a collection of mobile units moves periodically along fixed tracks. Entities are transferred from some input to an output unit by the mobile units; entities can also transfer between mobile units during a space–time event called a rendezvous. This systems framework and model of conveying exposes a rich spectrum of spatio-temporal behaviors that have interesting connections to core issues in scheduling, resource allocation, communication, embedded systems, automation, and programming. The complexity of CCS arises from the interactions between the mobile units; hence, it is difficult to construct a system-level model for these dynamic behaviors, even though the behavior of individual units is simple. For these reasons, the simulator we present enables a systematic investigation of cyber-physical issues in CCS. Since all the details of CCS are not yet fully understood, we designed an extensible simulator using the Model-View-Controller architecture. The object-oriented approach helped us to model the CCS artifacts in a natural manner and, hence, reduced the complexity of our design.











Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
CCS was originally referred to as the Cloud Conveyor System; since this phrase could create unintended confusion, we use Coordinated Conveying System because it more appropriately reflects the behavior of this novel system.
References
An K, Trewyn A, Gokhale A, Sastry S (2011) Model-driven performance analysis of reconfigurable conveyor systems used in material handling applications. In: Second IEEE/ACM International Conference on Cyber Physical Systems (ICCPS 2011). IEEE, Chicago, IL, USA, pp 141–150
Andrea RD, Wurman P (2008) Future challenges of coordinating hundreds of autonomous vehicles in distribution facilities. In: 2008 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for Practical Robot Applications, pp 80–83
Berman S, Edan Y (2002) Decentralized autonomous agv system for material handling. Int J Prod Res 40(15):3995–4006
Budd T (1991) An introduction to object-oriented programming. Addison Wesley Longman, Boston
Davis J, Morgan T (2013) Object-oriented development at Brooklyn Union Gas. IEEE Softw 10:67–74
Flipse M (2011) Altering and improving kiva. http://www.few.vu.nl/~mfe300/M/kiva-paper.pdf. Accessed 28 July 2016
Gokhale A, Biswas G, Sarkar N, Sastry S, Branicky M (2013) CPS Laboratory-as-a-service: enabling technology for readily accessible and scalable CPS education. In: Proceedings of the first workshop on cyber-physical systems education (CPS-Ed 2013) at Cyber Physical Systems Week, Philadelphia, PA
Guizzo E (2008) Three engineers, hundreds of robots, one warehouse. Spectr IEEE 45(7):26–34
Hunziker D, Gajamohan M,Waibel M, DAndrea R (2013) Rapyuta: the roboearth cloud engine. In: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) , Karlsruhe, Germany, 6–10 May 2013
Kamagaew A, Stenzel J, Nettstrter A, ten Hompel M (2011) Concept of cellular transport systems in facility logistics. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Automation, Robots and Applications (ICARA 2011)
Lee MK, Forlizzi J, Rybski PE, Crabbe F, Chung W, Finkle J (2009) The snackbot: Documenting the design of a robot for long-term human-robot interaction. In: Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). ACM, pp 7–14
Mahadevan B, Narendran TT (1990) Design of an automated guided vehicle-based material handling system for a flexible manufacturing system. Int J Prod Res 28(9):16111622
McFarlan F, Andersen E, University H (1994) American Airlines: object oriented flight dispatching systems. Harvard Business School Case Services, Boston
Rajkumar R, Lee I, Sha L, Stankovic J (2010) Cyber-physical systems: the next computing revolution. In: ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference. Anaheim, CA, pp 731–736
Robotics Technology Consortium (2013) A roadmap for US robotics: from internet to robotics. https://robotics-vo.us/sites/default/files/2013%20Robotics%20Roadmap-rs.pdf. Accessed 28 July 2016
Sabattini L, Digani V, Secchi C, Cotena G, Ronzoni D, Foppoli M, Oleari F (2013) Technological roadmap to boost the introduction of agvs in industrial applications. In: Intelligent Computer Communication and Processing (ICCP), IEEE International Conference, pp 203–208
Sastry S, Branicky M, Sastry P (2013) Cloud conveyors system: a versatile application for exploring cyber-physical systems. Lect Notes Control Inf Sci 449:43–62
Stark R, Schmid J, Borger E (2001) Java and the Java virtual machine: definition, verification, validation. Springer-Verlag New York Inc, New York
Stouten B, de Graaf AJ (2004) Cooperative transportation of a large object-development of an industrial application. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Proceedings. ICRA04, vol 3, pp 2450–2455
Wurman P, DAndrea R, Mountz M, (2008) Coordinating hundreds of cooperative, autonomous vehicles in warehouses. Technical report. AI Mag 29:9–19
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Whalen, S., Ghosh, A. & Sastry, S. Simulating distributed and coordinated conveying systems. J Supercomput 73, 1416–1437 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-016-1828-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-016-1828-2