Abstract
This research aims to introduce some new findings toward multimedia and communication aspects of Video-SAR imaging systems. The first suggestion is a modified frame rate computation considering all systematic design, signal, and data processing characteristics. In addition to the conventional radar models, we propose new conditions on how to take the multimedia requirements into account to respond to the radar and multimedia demands simultaneously. Since Video-SAR is eventually used by an end user, the Video-SAR designers must follow the temporal resolution requirements through the frame rate for both aspects of radar and multimedia systems. To do this, an integrated procedure is suggested to include all the required conditions. The second finding of this research is focused on the issue of data aggregation and multisource compression in Video-SAR. The proposed approach is an upper bound for aggregation ability of all the data hiding-based aggregators. This bound is found with using measurement of unoccupied space in the host image/frame. Besides, some numerical examples are provided to explain the computation of frame rate while there are different scenarios in a practical Video-SAR system. Also, we compute the unoccupied space for a radar frame compared to an optical sample to reveal the inherent characteristics of the Video-SAR data.




Similar content being viewed by others
References
Damini A, Balaji B, Parrya C, Mantle V (2010) A videosar mode for the X-band wideband experimental airborne radar. Proc of SPIE 7699:76990E-E76992
Sandia National Laboratories, "Infrared-VideoSAR Comparison", https://www.sandia.gov/radar/video/index.html. Access date: 24 Ferbuary 2021
Kim S, Ka M-H (2019) SAR raw data simulation for multiple-input multiple-output video synthetic aperture radar using beat frequency division frequency modulated continuous wave". Microw Opt Technol Lett. https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.31748
Hu R, R. M, Y.M. Pi, (2017) A Video-SAR imaging technique for aspect-dependent scattering in wide angle". IEEE Sens J 17:3677–3688
Song XS, Yu WD (2016) Processing video-SAR data with the fast backprojection method. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 52:2838–2848
Zhang Y, Zhu D, Mao X, Jin W (2019) Location displacement analysis on target height in VideoSAR image sequence. J Eng 2019(19):5584–5587
Khosravi MR, Bahri-Aliabadi B, Samadi S, Rostami H, Karimi V (2020) A tutorial and performance analysis on ENVI tools for SAR image despeckling. Current Signal Transduction Therapy 15(2):216–223
Yocky DA, West RD, Riley RM, Calloway TM (2019) Monitoring surface phenomena created by an underground chemical explosion using fully polarimetric VideoSAR. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 57(5):2481–2493
Zhao S, Chen J, Yang W, Sun B, Wang Y (2015) "Image formation method for spaceborne video SAR", in Proc. of the IEEE 5th Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR), pp. 148–151
Miller J, Bishop E, Doerry A (2013) "An Application of Backprojection for Video SAR Image Formation Exploiting a Subaperture Circular Shift Register", Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8746. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2016417
Yang X, Shi J (2020) Ground Moving Target Tracking and Refocusing Using Shadow in Video-SAR. Remote Sens. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12183083
Wallace HB (2015) Development of a video SAR for FMV through clouds. Proc SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2181420
Yan H, Mao X, Zhang J, Zhu D (2016) "Frame Rate Analysis of Video Synthetic Aperture Radar (ViSAR) ", Proceedings of ISAP2016, Okinawa, Japan. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7821422
Bahri-Aliabadi B, Khosravi MR, Samadi S (2018) "Frame Rate Computing in Video SAR Using Geometrical Analysis", The 24th Int'l Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications (PDPTA'18), ; Las Vegas, USA, pp 165–167
Kim S, Fan R, Dominski F (2018) ViSAR: A 235 GHz Radar for Airborne Applications, In Proc. IEEE Radar Conf, USA, pp 1549–1554. https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2018.8378797
Li Z, Dong Z (2019) An Enhanced V-BM3D Algorithm for VideoSAR Denoising Combined with Temporal Information, in Proc. of 2019 IEEE 4th International Conference on Signal and Image Processing. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIPROCESS.2019.8868569
Kim S (2017) SAR video generation of MIMO video SAR with beat frequency division FMCW, 2017 11th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS); Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSPCS.2017.8270460
Kim S, Yu J (2017) Signal processing for a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) video synthetic aperture radar (SAR) with beat frequency division frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW). Remote Sens 9(5):491
Gu C, Chang W (2016) "The Formation of High-resolution FMCW SAR Video", 2016 Progress In Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS); China
Zhang Y, Zhu D (2020) Scattering key-frame extraction for comprehensive VideoSAR summarization: a spatiotemporal background subtraction perspective. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 69(7):4768–4784
Liu B, Zhang X, Tang K, Liu M, Liu L (2016) "Spaceborne video-sar moving target surveillance system", in Proc. of IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)
Zhang Y, Zhu D (2018) Height Retrieval in Postprocessing-based VideoSAR Image Sequence Using Shadow Information. IEEE Sens J 18(19):8108–8116. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2018.2865112
Jian L (2018) An efficient image formation algorithm for spaceborne video SAR, in Proc. of IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8517711
Yocky DA, West RD (2019) Monitoring surface phenomena created by an underground chemical explosion using fully polarimetric VideoSAR. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 57(5):2481–2493
Wang D, Zhu D, Liu R (2019) "Video SAR High-speed Processing Technology Based on FPGA", 2019 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Biomedical Conference (IMBioC), China
Liang J, Zhang H (2019) Study on pointing accuracy effect on image quality of space-borne video SAR. IOP Conf Series: Mater Sci Eng 490(2019):072011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/490/7/072011
Hu R, Li X (2019) Refocusing and Zoom-In Polar Format Algorithm for Curvilinear Spotlight SAR Imaging on Arbitrary Region of Interest. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sens 57(10):7995–8010
Zuo F, Min R (2019) Improved method of video synthetic aperture radar imaging algorithm. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett 6(16):897–901
Linnehan R, Miller J, Asadi A (2019) "Map-drift autofocus and scene stabilization for video-SAR", 2018 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf18), 2019; USA
Jian L, Running Z (2018) "An Efficient Image Formation Algorithm for Spaceborne Video SAR", in Proc. of IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Spain
Hu R, Min R, Zuo F, Pi Y (2019) "An algorithm for persistent imaging of curvilinear video SAR", 2018 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf18), USA
Ding J, Xu Z (2018) Efficient doppler ambiguity resolver for video SAR. Electron Lett 54(7):443–445
Tian X, Liu J (2021) Simultaneous Detection and Tracking of Moving-Target Shadows in ViSAR Imagery, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2021
Liu Z, An D (2019) "Moving Target Shadow Detection and Global Background Reconstruction for VideoSAR Based on Single-Frame Imagery", IEEE Access, 2019
Liao L, Zhu D (2016) "An Approach for Detecting Moving Target in VideoSAR Imagery Sequence", 2016 CIE International Conference on Radar (RADAR), China
Wang H, Chen Z, Zheng S (2017) "Preliminary Research of Low-RCS Moving Target Detection Based on Ka-Band Video SAR", IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters
Zhang Y, Yang S, Li H, Xu Z (2018) "Shadow tracking of moving target based on CNN for video SAR system", in Proc. of IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)
Damini A, Mantle V, Davidson G (2013) "A New Approach to Coherent Change Detection in VideoSAR Imagery using Stack Averaged Coherence", IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon13),
Li Z, Yu A (2019) Suppressing false alarm in VideoSAR via gradient-weighted edge information. Remote Sens 11(2677):2019
Khosravi MR, Samadi S (2019) "Data compression in ViSAR sensor networks using non-linear adaptive weighting. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-019-1577-z
Khosravi MR, Samadi S (2020) Reliable data aggregation in internet of ViSAR vehicles using chained dual-phase adaptive interpolation and data embedding. IEEE Internet Things J 7(4):2603–2610
Khosravi MR, Samadi S (2019) Efficient payload communications for IoT-enabled ViSAR vehicles using discrete cosine transform-based quasi-sparse bit injection. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw 2019:262
Khosravi MR, Samadi S (2019) Modified Data Aggregation for Aerial ViSAR Sensor Networks in Transform Domain, The 25th Int'l Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications (PDPTA'19), 2019; Las Vegas, USA
Khosravi MR, Samadi S, Mohseni R (2020) Spatial interpolators for intra-frame resampling of SAR videos: a comparative study using real-time HD, medical and radar data. Current Signal Transduction Therapy 15(2):136–188. https://doi.org/10.2174/2213275912666190618165125
Zhang Y, Zhu D, Mao X, Yu X, Zhang J, Li Y (2020) Multirotors Video Synthetic Aperture Radar: System Development and Signal Processing. IEEE A&E Systems Magazine. https://doi.org/10.1109/MAES.2020.3000318
Khosravi MR, Samadi S (2021) Mobile multimedia computing in cyber-physical surveillance services through UAV-borne video-SAR: a taxonomy of intelligent data processing for IoMT-enabled radar sensor networks. Tsinghua Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.26599/TST.2021.9010013
Khosravi MR, Samadi S (2021) BL-ALM: a blind scalable edge-guided reconstruction filter for smart environmental monitoring through green IoMT-UAV networks. IEEE Trans Green Commun Netw. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2021.3067555
Meyer S (2018) "PhaseNet for Video Frame Interpolation", International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR),
Jamshidi A, Yazdi M, Manafi M (2017) Image compression based on intelligent information removing and inpainting reconstruction algorithms. J Signal Data Proces 14(2):97–114
Khosravi MR, Yazdi M (2018) A lossless data hiding scheme for medical images using a hybrid solution based on IBRW error histogram computation and quartered interpolation with greedy weights. Neural Comput Appl 30:2017–2028
Khosravi MR (2021) ACI: a bar chart index for non-linear visualization of data embedding and aggregation capacity in IoMT multi-source compression. Wireless Netw. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02626-x
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khosravi, M.R., Samadi, S. Frame rate computing and aggregation measurement toward QoS/QoE in Video-SAR systems for UAV-borne real-time remote sensing. J Supercomput 77, 14565–14582 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-021-03869-3
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-021-03869-3