Abstract
Data consistency has always been a significant topic in distributed systems. In the existing consistency models, causal consistency attracts more attention because it can meet high-performance requirements even when there are network partitions in the system. The synchronization method between replicas is one of the key indicators affecting the performance of causal consistency, especially when there are a large number of nodes in the system. In the case of deploying a large number of nodes in the system, this paper optimizes the synchronization mode between data centers and proposes a causal consistency model based on the grouping strategy (Gart). Gart manages all nodes in groups to reduce the management cost during data synchronization, and adopt a leader mechanism to improve the management efficiency of the system. At the same time, a client migration mechanism be introduced to ensure that throughput can be improved without sacrificing the remote update visibility. The simulation results demonstrate that compared with the existing causal consistency model, Gart can achieve better throughput when handling a large number of nodes, and with the same communication delay, it can achieve higher update visibility.












Similar content being viewed by others
References
Huang KL, Wei HF, Huang Y et al (2021) Byz-GentleRain: an efficient byzantine-tolerant causal consistency protocol. http://arxiv.org/abs/2109.14189 [CoRR abs]
Coelho PR, Pedone F (2021) GeoPaxos+: practical geographical state machine replication. In: SRDS, pp 233–243
Aldin HNS, Deldari H, Moattar MH et al (2020) Strict timed causal consistency as a hybrid consistency model in the cloud environment. Future Gener Comput Syst 105:259–274
Lamport L (1978) Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system. Commun ACM 21(7):558–565
Spirovska K, Didona D, Zwaenepoel W (2021) Optimistic causal consistency for geo-replicated key-value stores. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 32(3):527–542
Tian JF, Yang QY (2021) Horae: causal consistency model based on hot data governance. J Supercomput
Gunawardhana C, Bravo M, Luis ET (2017) Unobtrusive deferred update stabilization for efficient geo-replication. In: USENIX Annual Technical Conference, pp 83–95
Xiang ZL, Vaidya NH (2018) Global stabilization for causally consistent partial replication. In: International Conference of Distributed Computing and Networking, pp 1–10
Mohammad R, Demirbas M, Kulkarni S (2017) CausalSpartan: causal consistency for distributed data stores using hybrid logical clocks. In: Reliable distributed systems IEEE, pp 184–193
Spirovska K, Didona D, Zwaenepoel W (2018) Wren: nonblocking reads in a partitioned transactional causally consistent data store. In: International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks
Huang DY, Ma XL, Zhang SL (2020) Performance analysis of the raft consensus algorithm for private blockchains. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst 50(1):172–181
Surjandari I, Yusuf H, Laoh E, Maulida R (2021) Designing a permissioned blockchain network for the Halal industry using hyperledger fabric with multiple channels and the raft consensus mechanism. J Big Data 8(1):10
Peng R, Xiao H, Guo JJ et al (2020) Optimal defense of a distributed data storage system against hackers’ attacks. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 197:106790
Mahmood T, Narayanan SP, Rao SG et al (2021) Karma: cost-effective geo-replicated cloud storage with dynamic enforcement of causal consistency. IEEE Trans Cloud Comput 9(1):197–211
Maiya P, Kanade A (2017) Efficient computation of happens-before relation for event-driven programs. In: ISSTA, pp 102–112
Xosanavongsa C, Totel E, Bettan O (2019) Discovering correlations: a formal definition of causal dependency among heterogeneous events. In: Euro S&P, pp 340–355
Spirovska K, Didona D, Zwaenepoel (2019) PaRiS: causally consistent transactions with nonblocking reads and partial replication. In: International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, pp 304–316
Grusho NA, Grusho AA, Timonina EE (2020) Localizing failures with metadata. Autom Control Comput Sci 54(8):988–992
Du JQ, Iorgulescu C, Roy A, Zwaenepoel W (2014) GentleRain: cheap and scalable causal consistency with physical clocks. In: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, pp 1–13
Funding
Funding was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 6180060654).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tian, J., Pang, Y. A causal consistency model based on grouping strategy. J Supercomput 78, 17736–17757 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-022-04441-3
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-022-04441-3