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Design and implementation of parallel k-means algorithm based on ternary optical computer

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Abstract

The k-means algorithm is one of the most commonly used clustering algorithms in the field of artificial intelligence. However, as the amount of data increases, traditional electronic computers face challenges such as low computational efficiency and high energy consumption when executing the k-means algorithm. The ternary optical computer (TOC), as a novel optoelectronic hybrid computer, employs optical processing and electrical control to perform data computations. This type of computer features a large number of data bits, carry-free addition, and low power consumption, making it well-suited to address the issues encountered by electronic computers in implementing the k-means algorithm. Leveraging the characteristics of TOC, such as its abundant data bits and reconfigurable processor, this paper designs a parallel k-means algorithm based on TOC. Additionally, this paper also proposes an implementation method for a TOC-based subtractor. This subtractor eliminates the need to take the opposite of the subtrahend, thus making the TOC more convenient for implementing the k-means algorithm. Finally, experimental validation was conducted on the TOC experimental platform. The results demonstrate that the implementation of the subtractor is correct and that the parallel k-means algorithm on TOC is feasible. Through performance comparison, it is shown that the time complexity of the multiplication process in calculating the distance between sample points and cluster centers can be optimized from \(O\left( {{n^2}} \right)\) to \(O\left( n \right)\), and under sufficient data bit conditions, it can achieve a time complexity of \(O(\log _2 n)\), exhibiting higher computational efficiency.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their sincere gratefulness to the TOC team, School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, for providing the optical platform and giving many inspired ideas to the paper.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (62262022, 62362031), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20232BAB202026, 20224BAB202021).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Information Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Shuanggang Road, Nanchang, 330013, China

    Kai Song, Haiming Zhang, Huaqiong Ma & Yongjun Sun

  2. Software School, East China Jiaotong University, Shuanggang Road, Nanchang, 330013, China

    Liping Yan

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Contributions

Conceptualization: Kai Song, Haiming Zhang; Writing - original draft: Kai Song, Haiming Zhang; Validation: Huaqiong Ma; Project administration: Yongjun Sun, Liping Yan; Funding acquisition: Kai Song

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Correspondence to Kai Song.

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Song, K., Zhang, H., Ma, H. et al. Design and implementation of parallel k-means algorithm based on ternary optical computer. J Supercomput 81, 536 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07016-0

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