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Surgical localization and automatic electrode implantation system for DBS based on gradient descent electric field stereotaxis

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Abstract

One major challenge in brain electrode implantation surgery such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery is the absence of real-time 3D imaging during the procedure. To overcome this limitation, a DBS surgical localization and automatic navigation system based on gradient descent electric field stereotaxis (GDEFS) was developed, offering real-time 3D visualization and automated navigation to the target. The hardware system injects current into the target area via electrodes integrated into the DBS surgical instrument, generating a simple electric field within the body. Electric potential data collected via an electric field framework are processed to locate the electrode. Simulated surgical navigation experiments demonstrate a localization spatial error of less than 2 mm and an angular error of less than 1°. This work demonstrates the practical implementation of electric field stereotaxis, transforming its theoretical basis into a fully functional system for real-time 3D surgical navigation in DBS procedures.

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Data availability

The data and codes that support the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request from the authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China

    Yuxin Fang, Fan Yang, Wei He, Zhenyou Liu, Wei Zhang, Xing Li & Pengbo Wang

  2. Southwest Hospital, Center of Critical Care Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China

    Liang Tan

Authors
  1. Yuxin Fang
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  2. Fan Yang
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  3. Wei He
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  4. Liang Tan
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  6. Wei Zhang
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  7. Xing Li
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  8. Pengbo Wang
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Yuxin Fang performed writing—original draft preparation; Fan Yang and Wei He performed writing—review and editing; Liang Tan, Zhenyou Liu, and Wei Zhang carried out formal analysis and investigation; Xing Li and Pengbo Wang performed material preparation and data collection and analysis, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Fan Yang.

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Fang, Y., Yang, F., He, W. et al. Surgical localization and automatic electrode implantation system for DBS based on gradient descent electric field stereotaxis. J Supercomput 81, 539 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07072-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07072-6

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