Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Robust multipoint and multi-layered transmission of H.264/SVC with Raptor codes

  • Published:
Telecommunication Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The scalable extension of the H.264 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) standard called Scalable Video Coding (SVC), or H.264/SVC, provides scalable video streams which are composed by a base layer and one or more enhancement layers. Enhancement layers may improve the temporal, the spatial or the signal-to-noise ratio resolutions of the content represented by the lower layers. One of the applications of this video coding standard is related to point-to-multipoint video distributions in both wired and wireless communication systems, where packet losses contribute to the degradation of the user’s Quality of Experience. Designed for the transmission of data over Binary Erasure Channels (BEC), Raptor codes are a Forward Error Correction (FEC) mechanism that is gaining popularity for Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) applications due to their small decoding complexity and reduced overhead. This paper evaluates the quality enhancements introduced by the integration of several H.264/SVC layers with a Raptor coding protection scheme. Our goal is to improve the distribution of video over loss prone networks in terms of rate-distortion performance by assessing several alternative packetization options and protection schemes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  1. Shokrollahi, A. (2006). Raptor codes. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 52(6), 2551–2567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Elias, P. (1955). Coding for two noisy channels. In Proc. 3rd London symp. on information theory, London, UK, pp. 61–76.

  3. Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services (2007). ITU-T Rec. H.264 and ISO/IEC 14496-10 (MPEG-4 AVC), ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1, Version 1: May 2003, Version 2: May 2004, Version 3: March 2005, Version 4: Sept. 2005, Version 5 and Version 6: June 2006, Version 7: April 2007, Version 8 (including SVC extension): Consented in July 2007.

  4. Huang, H. C., et al. (2007). Advances in the scalable amendment of H.264/AVC. IEEE Communications Magazine, 45(1), 68–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Schwarz, H., Marpe, D., & Wiegand, T. (2007). Overview of the scalable video coding extension of the H.264/AVC standard. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 17(9), 1103–1120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Monteiro, J. M., Calafate, C. T., & Nunes, M. S. (2008). Evaluation of the H.264 scalable video coding in error prone IP networks. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 54(3), 652–659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Winkler, S., & Mohandas, P. (2008). The evolution of video quality measurement: from PSNR to hybrid metrics. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 54(3), 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. ITU-T Recommendation Y.1541 (2006). Network performance objectives for IP-based services. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, Switzerland, February 2006.

  9. ITU-T Recommendation Y.1541, Amendment 3 (2008). Network performance objectives for IP-based services, revised appendix VIII—effects of IP network performance on digital television transmission QoS. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, Switzerland, May 2008.

  10. Luby, M. (2002). LT-codes. In Proc. 43rd annu. IEEE symp. foundations of computer science (FOCS), Vancouver, BC, Canada, November 2002, pp. 271–280.

  11. Maymounkov, P. (2002). Online codes (NYU Tech. Rep. TR2003-883) 2002.

  12. Luby, M., Stockhammer, T., & Watson, M. (2008). Application layer FEC in IPTV services. IEEE Communications Magazine, 46(5), 94–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Luby, M., Watson, M., Gasiba, T., & Stockhammer, T. (2007). High-quality video distribution using power line communication and aplication layer forward error correction. In Proc. of IEEE int. symp. on power line communications and its applications (pp. 431–436). ISPLC ’07, March 2007.

  14. ETSI TS 102 034 V1.4.1 (2009). Transport of MPEG 2 transport stream (TS) based DVB services over IP based networks. European Telecommunications Standards Institute, August 2009.

  15. ETSI TS 102 591 V1.2.1 (2009). IP datacast over DVB-H: content delivery protocols (CDP) implementation guidelines. European Telecommunications Standards Institute, June 2009.

  16. 3GPP TS 26.346 V6.4.0 (2006). Technical specification group services and system aspects; multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS); protocols and codecs. Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), March 2006.

  17. Ma, X., & Chen, X. (2007). Saturation performance of IEEE 802.11 broadcast networks. IEEE Communication Letters, 11(8), 686–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Schierl, T., Ganger, K., Hellge, C., Wiegand, T., & Stockhammer, T. (2006). SVC-based multisource streaming for robust video transmission in mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 13(5), 96–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Segall, C. A., & Sullivan, G. J. (2007). Spatial scalability within the H.264/AVC scalable video coding extension. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 17(9), 1121–1135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kirchhoffer, H., Schwarz, H., & Wiegand, T. (2007). CE1: simplified FGS. Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO-IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG, Doc. JVTW090, San Jose, USA, April 2007.

  21. H.264/SVC Test Sequences (2009). Institute of Signal Processing, Hannover University, Germany. ftp://ftp.tnt.uni-hannover.de/pub/svc/. Accessed October 2009.

  22. Vieron, J., Wien, M., & Schwarz, H. (2007). JSVM-9 Software, Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG, Doc. JVT-V203, January 2007.

  23. Wenger, S., Wang, Y.-K., Schierl, T., & Eleftheriadis, A. (2009). RTP payload format for SVC video. IETF Internet Draft, Work in Progress, draft-ietf-avt-rtp-svc-19.txt, September 2009.

  24. DF Raptor R10 Encoder/Decoder 2.1 Software Development Kit (2007). Digital Fountain, September 26, 2007.

  25. Luby, M., Gasiba, T., Stockhammer, T., & Watson, M. (2007). Reliable multimedia download delivery in cellular broadcast networks. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 53(1), 235–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Broadband Forum TR-126 (2006). Triple-play services quality of experience (QoE) requirements. http://www.broadband-forum.org/technical/download/TR-126.pdf. Accessed April 2009.

  27. Hellge, C., Schierl, T., & Wiegand, T. (2008). Receiver driven layered multicast with layer-aware forward error correction. In Proc. of the IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP’08), San Diego, CA, USA, October 12–15, 2008.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal

    Jânio M. Monteiro

  2. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Carlos T. Calafate

  3. IST/INESC-ID, Lisbon, Portugal

    Jânio M. Monteiro & Mário S. Nunes

Authors
  1. Jânio M. Monteiro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Carlos T. Calafate
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mário S. Nunes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jânio M. Monteiro.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Monteiro, J.M., Calafate, C.T. & Nunes, M.S. Robust multipoint and multi-layered transmission of H.264/SVC with Raptor codes. Telecommun Syst 49, 113–128 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-010-9357-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-010-9357-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation