Abstract
In mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) routes are usually found by means of discovery packets that are injected to the network by sender nodes. Once the intended destination is reached by a discovery packet, it replies back to the sender using the same route. Upon reception of the reply message, data transfer from sender to destination can initiate. Node mobility, however, negatively affects route duration time since position changes may lead to connectivity disruptions. Furthermore, the whole process of route discovery breaks down when, due to position changes, the route followed by a discovery packet is useless by the time it reaches the destination. In this paper the conditions leading to this effect are studied and it is shown that they impose a practical limit on how long a route can be. The paper introduces a model to compute an upper bound on route length in MANETs, which is derived from the combination of a route duration model and an access delay model for multi-hop routes. The model was validated by simulations with different network settings. From this model, it was found that the node transmission range, node mobility and total per-hop delays actually define the maximum feasible number of hops in a route. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is a fundamental scaling problem of mobile ad-hoc networks that has not been analyzed before from a mobility-delay perspective.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bai, F., Sadagopan, N., & Helmy, A. (2003). The IMPORTANT framework for analyzing the impact of mobility on performance of routing protocols for ad-hoc networks. Ad-Hoc Networks Journal, 1(4), 383–403.
Bai, F., Sadagopan, N., Krishnamachari, B., & Helmy, A. (2004). Modelling path duration distributions in MANETs and their impact on reactive routing protocols. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 22(7), 1357–1373.
Bianchi, G. (2000). Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 3(18), 535–547.
Broch, J., Maltz, D., Johnson, D., & Hu, Y. (1998). A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols. In Proceedings of the fourth annual ACM/IEEE international conference on mobile computing and networking (MobiCom’98), October (pp. 85–97).
Carvalho, M., & Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J. (2003). Delay analysis of IEEE 802.11 in single-hop networks. In Proceedings of the 11th IEEE international conference on network protocols (pp. 146–155).
Chang, & Misra (2006). IEEE 802.11b throughput with link interference. In Proceedings of infocom 2006.
Cho, S., & Hayes, J. P. (2005). Impact of mobility on connection stability in ad-hoc networks. In Proceedings of IEEE communication society, WCNC 2005, New Orleans (USA) (Vol. 3, pp. 1650–1656).
Barowski et al. (2005). Towards the performance analysis of IEEE 802.11 in multi-hop ad-hoc networks. In Proceedings of WCNC 2005.
Yun et al. (2005). Analyzing the channel access delay of IEEE 802.11 DCF. In Proceedings of Globecom 2005.
Zanella et al. (2005). Statistical characterization of the service in saturated IEEE 802.11 networks. IEEE Communication Letters, 9(3).
Gomez, J., & Campbell, A. T. (2004). A case for variable-range transmission power control in wireless multihop networks. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2004 (pp. 1425–1436).
Gomez, J., & Campbell, A. T. (2007). Using variable-range transmission power control in wireless ad-hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 6(1).
Grossglauser, M., & Tse, D. (2002). Mobility increases the capacity of ad-hoc wireless networks. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 10, 477–486.
Gruber, I., & Li, H. (2002). Link expiration times in mobile ad-hoc networks. In Proceedings of the 27th annual IEEE conference on local computer networks (LCN ’02), Tampa, Florida, November 2002 (pp. 743–750).
Gupta, P., & Kumar, P. R. (2000). The capacity of wireless networks. IEEE Transactions Information Theory, 46(2), 388–404.
Han, Y., La, R., Makowski, A., Armand, M., & Lee, S. (2006). Distribution of path durations in mobile ad-hoc networks: Palm’s theorem to the rescue. Computer Networks, 50(20), 1887–1900.
Johnson, D. B., & Maltz, D. A. (1999). The dynamic source routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. draft-ietf-manet-dsr-02.txt.
Khalaf, R., & Rubin, I. (2004). Enhancing the delay-throughput performance of IEEE 802.11 based networks through direct transmissions. In Proceedings of IEEE VTC 2004-Fall.
Khalaf, R., & Rubin, I. (2006). Throughput and delay analysis in single hop and multihop IEEE 802.11 networks. In 3rd international conference on broadband communications, networks and systems, BROADNETS, October 2006 (pp. 1–9).
Layuan, L., Chunlin, L., & Peiyan, Y. (2007). Performance evaluation and simulations of routing protocols in ad hoc networks. Computer Communications, 30(8).
Li, J. et al. (2001). Capacity of ad-hoc wireless networks. In Proceedings of the 7th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on mobile computing and networking (MobiCom ’01) (pp. 61–69), July 2001.
Li, X., Tang, S., & Ophier, F. (2007). Multicast capacity for large scale wireless ad-hoc networks. In Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on mobile computing and networking (MobiCom ’07), September 2007 (pp. 266–277).
Mbarushimana, C., Shahrabi, A., & Larijani, H. (2007). The effect of routing protocol dynamics on TCP performance in mobile ad hoc networks. Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 4658, pp. 20–29).
Medepalli, & Tobagi (2005). Throughput analysis of IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN using an average cycle time approach. In Proceedings of Globecom 2005.
Medepalli, & Tobagi (2006). Towards performance modeling of IEEE 802.11 based wireless networks: a unified framework and its applications. In Proceedings of IEEE Infocom 2006.
Nasipuri, A., Castaneda, R., & Das, S. R. (2001). Performance of multipath routing for on-demand protocols in ad-hoc networks. Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET) Journal, 6(4), 339–349.
Papoulis, A. (2002). Probability, random variables and stochastic processes. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Pascoe, M., Gomez, J., Rangel, V., & Lopez-Guerrero, M. (2010). Route duration modeling for mobile ad-hoc networks. ACM Wireless Networks Journal (WiNet), 16(3), 743–757.
Perkins, C. E., Royer, E. M., & Das, S. R. (1999). Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing. draft-ietf-manet-aodv-03.txt.
Rangel, V., Edwards, R. M., Tzerefos, P., & Schunke, K. (2002). Delivery of low rate isochronous streams over the digital video broadcasting/digital audio-visual council cable television protocol. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 48(4), 307–316.
Sharma, G., Ganesh, A., & Key, P. (2006). Performance analysis of contention based medium access control protocols. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2006.
Tickoo, & Srikdar (2004). Queuing analysis and delay mitigation in IEEE 802.11 random access MAC based wireless networks. In Proceedings of infocom 2004.
Tseng, Y. C., Li, Y. F., & Chang, Y. C. (2003). On route lifetime in multihop mobile ad-hoc networks. IEEE Trans. on Mobile Computing, 2(4), 366–376.
Turgut, D., Das, S. K., & Chatterjee, M. (2001). Longevity of routes in mobile ad-hoc networks. In Proceedings of IEEE vehicular technology conference VTC 2001, Rhodes, Greece (Vol. 4, pp. 2833–2837).
Wu, X., Sadjadpour, H. R., & Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J. (2007). Link lifetime as a function of node mobility in MANETs with restricted mobility: modeling and applications. In Proceedings of the 5th international symposium on modeling and optimization in mobile, ad hoc and wireless networks and workshops, 2007. WiOpt 2007 (pp. 1–10), April 2007.
Yu, D., Li, H., & Gruber, I. (2003). Path availability in ad-hoc networks. In Telecommunications, ICT 10th international conference (Vol. 1, pp. 383–387), March 2003.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pascoe, M., Gomez, J., Rangel, V. et al. A mobility-based upper bound on route length in MANETs. Telecommun Syst 52, 105–119 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-011-9501-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-011-9501-9