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Performance analysis and design of semi-blind beamforming for downlink MIMO–NOMA heterogeneous network

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Abstract

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) communication is a potential strategy for overcoming the limits of classic orthogonal multiple access schemes, and it can improve possible rates. In contrast, MIMO–NOMA improves them even more due to multiple antenna diversity advantages. On the other hand, future wireless communication will rely on heterogeneous networks (HetNets), which allow many wireless access networks to coexist hierarchically. However, channel reciprocity is invalid because of the shorter channel coherence time in 5G and 6G communications. As a result, channel estimation through an uplink (UL) pilot no longer holds for downlink (DL) transmission. To address this issue, a statistical beamforming approach is proposed that does not consider channel reciprocity for channel estimation. Consequently, the proposed method saves the pilot transmission overhead required for channel estimation resulting in increased spectral efficiency. To achieve this, we propose to employ the characterization of the ratio of the indefinite quadratic form (IQF) to obtain a closed-form formula for the outage probability in MIMO–NOMA HetNets. The analytical expression obtained is then utilized to design optimal beamforming weights using the genetic algorithm (GA) that solves a constrained multi-objective optimization task. In summary, advantages of our proposed method are (1) it provides spectral efficient method of beamforming, (2) it derives an exact characterization of outage probability in MIMO–NOMA HetNets in closed form, and (3) it develops a GA based optimization solution that solves a constrained multi-objective optimization task simulation results presented validate the theoretical analysis and show supremacy of the proposed method over classical statistical method.

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Acknowledgements

The Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, has funded this project, under Grant No. (KEP-MSc: 63-135-1443).

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Author notes

  1. Sadiq Ur Rehman, Jawwad Ahmad, Anwaar Manzar and Muhammad Moinuddin have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Hamdard University, Madinatul Hikmah, Karachi, 74600, Pakistan

    Sadiq Ur Rehman & Anwaar Manzar

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, UIT University, Block 7, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan

    Jawwad Ahmad

  3. Center of Excellence in Intelligent Engineering Systems (CEIES), King Abdulaziz University, 215829, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Muhammad Moinuddin

  4. Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, 215829, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Muhammad Moinuddin

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  1. Sadiq Ur Rehman
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Contributions

SUR and JA have implemented the main idea and prepared the manuscript text. AM and MM have conceptualized the idea of the proposed method and designed the algorithm for the proposed system. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Muhammad Moinuddin.

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Rehman, S.U., Ahmad, J., Manzar, A. et al. Performance analysis and design of semi-blind beamforming for downlink MIMO–NOMA heterogeneous network. Telecommun Syst 85, 551–562 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-023-01098-y

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