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Hard real-time guarantees in feedback-based resource reservations

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Abstract

Resource reservation is a technique that allows isolating applications from interfering among each other. In the most classic setting, this method requires the periodic allocation of a given budget of resource over time. However, in reality, the actual budget allocation may deviate from its ideal value. Examples of causes of this deviation are: the presence of a system tick, the usage of shared resources, the self-blocking on I/O operations, etc. Since control techniques are an effective mean to deal with uncertainties and disturbances, unknown at design time but bounded, in this paper we propose to use feedback to achieve the target budget allocation, which may have deviated due to on-line events. The proposed scheme, called Self-Adaptive Server (SAS), is described and analyzed. We prove that the controller gain, which maximizes the resource delivered to the application, is \(\frac{3-\sqrt{5}}{2}\). We also implemented the scheduler on a lightweight operating system for a microcontroller. Thanks to the extremely simple implementation, SAS servers are well suited for low-overhead resource isolation mechanisms with proved real-time guarantees.

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Notes

  1. Miosix is available at https://gitorious.org/miosix-kernel.

  2. http://www.st.com/web/en/catalog/mmc/FM141/SC1169.

  3. The specific C++ file implementing the scheduler functionality can be found at http://goo.gl/mo0KOI.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the help by Alessandro Biondi at Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna for the fruitful discussion on existing protocols for the management of shared resources. This work was partially supported by the Swedish Research Council (VR) for the projects “Cloud Control” and “Power and temperature control for large-scale computing infrastructures”, through the LCCC Linnaeus and ELLIIT Excellence Centers, and the Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lund University, Ole Romers Väg 1, Lund, Sweden

    Alessandro Vittorio Papadopoulos & Martina Maggio

  2. Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20100, Milano, Italy

    Alberto Leva

  3. Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy

    Enrico Bini

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  1. Alessandro Vittorio Papadopoulos
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  2. Martina Maggio
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  3. Alberto Leva
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  4. Enrico Bini
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Correspondence to Enrico Bini.

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Papadopoulos, A.V., Maggio, M., Leva, A. et al. Hard real-time guarantees in feedback-based resource reservations. Real-Time Syst 51, 221–246 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-015-9224-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-015-9224-1

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