Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Real-time DSP and FPGA Implementation of Wiener LMS Based Multipath Channel Estimation in 3G CDMA Systems

  • Published:
The Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems for Signal, Image, and Video Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper investigates real-time DSP and FPGA implementations of a low complexity technique for asynchronous multiuser delay acquisition and time varying channel tracking for multipath channels in WCDMA and cdma2000 systems. A multiuser-LMS-like structure along with smoothing/prediction filters to improve tracking quality is reviewed. We investigate an efficient implementation based on FFT/IFFT technique, under fixed-point data representation and computation constraint. The measured BER reveals that fixed-point implementation is feasible at possibly no performance degradation. Based on real time execution made on a fixed-point high performance DSP, the maximum number of users is 15 and 17 for the proposed method and correlator, respectively. Due to the inherent parallelism and regular data flow FPGA implementation is suggested wherein a maximum number of users more than 80 can be afforded in Xilinx Virtex™ II Pro device.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. S. E. Bensley and B. Aazhang, “Subspace-based Channel Estimation for Code Division Multiple Access Communication Systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 44, no. 8, 1996, pp. 1009–1020 (August).

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. T. K. Moon, Z. Xie, C. K. Rushforth, and R. T. Short, “Parameter Estimation in a Multi-user Communication System,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 42, no. 8, 1994, pp. 2553–2560 (August).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. E. G. Strom, S. Parkvall, S. L. Miller, and B. E. Ottersten, “Propagation Delay Estimation is Asynchronous Direct-sequence Code-division Multiple Access Systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 44, no. 1, 1996, pp. 84–93 (January).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. R. Madyatha and B. Aazhang, “Antenna Arrays for Joint Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimation in CDMA Systems,” in Proc. CISS, vol. 2, Baltimore, MD, 1997, pp. 984–988 (March).

  5. C. Sengupta, J. R. Cavallaro, and B. Aazhang, “Subspace-based Tracking of Multipath Channel Parameters for CDMA Systems,” Eur. Trans. Telecommun., vol. 9, no. 5, 1998, pp. 439–447 (Sept-Oct).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. C. Sengupta, A. Hottinen, J. R. Cavallaro, and B. Aazhang, “Maximum Likelihood Channel Parameter Estimation in CDMA Systems,” in Proc. CISS, Princeton, NJ, 1998 (March).

  7. R. Cameron and B. Woerner, “Synchronization of CDMA Systems Employing Interference Cancellation,” in Proc. Vehicular Technology Conference, Atlanta, GA, 1996, pp. 178–182 (April).

  8. A. Mantravadi and V. V. Veeravalli, “Multi-access Interference Resistant Acquisition for CDMA Systems with Long Spreading Sequences,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications—Wireless Series, vol. 18, no. 7, 2000, pp. 1203–1213 (July).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. J. Thomas and E. Geraniotis, “Iterative MMSE Multiuser Interference Cancellation for Trellis Coded CDMA Systems in Multipath Fading Environments,” in Proc. 33rd Annual Conference on Informatzon Scrences and Systems, Baltimore, MD, 1999 (March).

  10. A. J. Weiss and B. Freidlander, “Channel Estimation for DS-CDMA Downlink with Aperiodic Spreading Codes,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 47, no. 10, 1999, pp. 1561–1569 (October).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. S. Y. Kung, “VLSI Array Processors, Information and System Sciences, 1st edn.,” Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  12. M. Torlak, B. L. Evans, and G. Xu, “Blind Estimation of FIR Channels in CDMA Systems with Aperiodic Spreading Sequences,” in Proc. of the Thirty-First asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, vol. 1, 1997, pp. 495–499 (Nov).

  13. S. Bhashyam and B. Aazhang, “Multiuser Channel Estimation and Tracking for Long Code CDMA Systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, no. 7, 2002, pp. 1081–1090 (July).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. F. Ling, “Coherent Detection with Reference Symbol Based Channel Estimation for Direct Sequence CDMA Uplink Communication,” in Proc. Vehicular Technology Conf., 1993, pp. 400–403 (May).

  15. P. Schramm and R. R. Muller, “Pilot Symbol Assisted BPSK on Rayleigh Fading Channels with Diversity: Performance Analysis and Parameter Optimizations,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 46, no. 12, 1998, pp. 1122–1124 (Sept).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. P. Schramm, “Analysis and Optimization of Pilot-channel-assisted BPSK for DS-CDMA Systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 46, no. 12, 1998, pp. 1560–1563 (Sept).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. N. S. Correal, R. M. Buehrer, and B. D. Woerner, “A DSP-based DS-CDMA Multiuser Receiver Employing Partial Parallel Interference Cancellation,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 17, no. 4, 1999, pp. 613–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Q.-T. Ho, D. Massicotte, and A.-O. Dahmane, “FPGA Implementation of an MUD Based on Cascade Filters for a WCDMA System,” EURASIP J. Appl. Signal Process., vol. 2006, article ID 52919, pp. 1–12.

  19. S. F. Swanchara, An FPGA-based Multiuser Receiver Employing Parallel Interference Cancellation, M.S. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. State Univ., 1998, July.

  20. N. Kehtarnavaz and N. Kim, “Real-time Digital Signal Processing Based on the TMS320C6000, 1st edn.,” Elsevier, 2005.

  21. K. E. Baddour and N. C. Beaulieu, “Autoregressive Models for Fading Channel Simulation,” in IEEE Glob. Telecommun. Conf., no. 1, 2001, pp. 1187–1192 (Nov).

  22. L. Lindbom, M. Sternad, and A. Ahlén, “Tracking of Time-varying Mobile Radio Channels, Part I: The Wiener LMS Algorithm,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 49, no. 12, 2001, pp. 2207–2217 (Dec).

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  23. E. C. Ifeachor and B. W. Jervis, “Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Approach, 2nd edn.,” Prentice Hall, 2002.

  24. M. Elnamaky, M. Ahmed-Ouameur, and D. Massicotte, “FPGA Implementation for Channel Estimations Based on Wiener LMS for DS-CDMA,” in IEEE 2005 Workshop on Signal Processing Systems, Athens, Greece, 2005, pp. 618–622, Nov. 2–4.

  25. M. Rupp and H. Lou, “On Efficient Multiplier-free Implementation of Channel Estimation and Equalization,” in IEEE Glob. Telecommun. Conf., vol. 1, San Francisco, 2000, pp. 6–10, 27 Nov.–1 Dec.

  26. S. Rajagopal, S. Bhashyan, J. R. Cavallaro, and B. Aazhang, “Real-time Algorithms and Architectures for Multiuser Channel Estimation and Detection in Wireless Base-station Receivers,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 1, no. 3, 2002, pp. 468–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Y. Guo, G. Xu, D. McCain, and J. R. Cavallaro, “Rapid Scheduling of Efficient VLSI Architectures for Next-generation HSDPA Wireless System Using Precision C Synthesizer,” in Proc. of 14th IEEE International Workshop on Rapid Systems Prototyping (RSP’03), San Diego, Calif, USA, 2003, pp. 179–185 (June).

  28. B. A. Jones and J. R. Cavallaro, “A Rapid Prototyping Environment for Wireless for Wireless Communication Embedded Systems,” EURASIP J. Appl. Signal Process., vol. 2003, no. 6, 2003, pp. 603–614.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  29. W. C. Jakes Jr., Microwave Mobile Communication, Wiley, New York, 1974, p. 75.

    Google Scholar 

  30. S. Rajagopal, S. Bhashyan, J. R. Cavallaro, and B. Aazhang, “Efficient VLSI Architectures for Multiuser Channel Estimation in Wireless Base-station Receivers,” J. VLSI Signal Process., no. 31, 2002, pp. 143–156.

  31. M. Ahmed Ouameur and D. Massicotte, “Wiener LMS Based Multipath Channel Estimation in WCDMA and cdma2000,” in IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC Fall), 2006 (in press) (Sept.).

  32. N. R. Shanbhag, “Algorithms Transformation Techniques for Low-power Wireless VLSI Systems Design,” Int. J. Wirel. Inf. Netw., vol. 5, no. 2, 1998, pp. 147–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. J. W. Choi and Y. H. Lee, “Design of Channel Estimation Filters for Pilot Channel Based DS-CDMA Systems,” IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E89-B, no. 2, 2004, pp. 227–233 (February).

    Google Scholar 

  34. 3GPP2 C. S0011-B, Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Mobile Stations, Release B, Version 1. December 13, 2002.

  35. A. L. T. Mozipo, D. Massicotte, P. Quinton, and T. Risset, “A Parallel Architecture for Adaptive Channel Equalization Based on Kalman Filter Using MMAlpha,” IEEE Can. Conf. Electr. Comput. Eng., vol. 1, 1999, pp. 554–559 (May).

    Google Scholar 

  36. F. Morin, D. Massicotte, and M. Vidal, “A High Throughput Architecture for Channel Equalization Based on Neural Network Using Wave Pipeline Method,” IEEE Can. Conf. Electr. Comput. Eng., Calgary, 1999, pp. 560–564 (May).

  37. L. Yue-Heng, C. Ming, and C. Shi-Xin, “Decision Feedback Partial Parallel Interference Cancellation for DS-CDMA,” in 21st Century Military Communications Conference Proceedings (MILCOM 2000), vol. 1, 2000, pp. 579–582 (Oct).

  38. H. Chenghua, Y. Tang, L. Shaoqian, and L. Zhongling, “Weight-optimizing Partial Parallel Interference Cancellation Based on Channel Estimation for CDMA Systems in Fading Channels,” IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf., vol. 2, pp. 1099–1103, 2003, 6–9 Oct. (Fall).

    Google Scholar 

  39. L. Lindbom, A. Ahlén, M. Sternad, and M. Falkenström, “Tracking of Time-varying Mobile Radio Channels. Part II: A Case Study,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, 2002, pp. 156–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. M. Sternad, L. Lindbom, and A. Ahlén, “Wiener Design of Adaptation Algorithms with Time-invariant Gains,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 50, 2002, pp. 1895–1907.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. K. I. Pedersen, T. E. Kolding, I. Seskar, and J. M. Holtzman, “Practical Implementation of Successive Interference Cancellation in DS/CDMA Systems,” in IEEE Int. Conf. Universal Personal Commun., pp. 321–325, 1996.

  42. B. W. Y. Wei, H. Du, and H. Chen, “A Complex-number Multiplier Using Radix-4 Digits,” in 12th Symposium on Computer Arithmetic, Bath, England, 1995, pp. 84–89 (July).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Signal and System Integration (LSSI), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boulevard des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, G9A 5H7

    Messaoud Ahmed Ouameur & Daniel Massicotte

Authors
  1. Messaoud Ahmed Ouameur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daniel Massicotte
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel Massicotte.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ouameur, M.A., Massicotte, D. Real-time DSP and FPGA Implementation of Wiener LMS Based Multipath Channel Estimation in 3G CDMA Systems. J VLSI Sign Process Syst Sign Image Video Technol 47, 259–279 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-007-0051-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-007-0051-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation