Abstract
Convolution of data with a long-tap filter is often implemented by overlap save algorithm (OSA) using fast Fourier transform (FFT). But there are some redundant computations in the traditional OSA because the FFT is applied to the overlapped data (concatenation of previous block and the current block) while the DFT computations are recursive. In this paper, we first analyze the redundancy by decomposing the OSA into two processes related to the previous and current block. Then we eliminate the redundant computations by introducing a new transform which is applied only to the current data, not to the overall overlapped data. Hence the size of transform is reduced by half compared to the traditional OSA. The new transform is in the form of DFT and it can be implemented by defining a new butterfly structure. However we implement it by a cascade of twiddle factor and conventional FFT in this paper, in order to use the FFT libraries in PC and DSP. The computational complexity in this case is analyzed and compared with the existing methods. In the experiment, the proposed method is applied to several block convolutions and partitioned-block convolutions. The CPU time is reduced more than expected from the arithmetic analysis, which implies that the reduced transform size gives additional advantage in data manipulation.
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Acknowledgements
This research was performed for the Intelligent Robotics Development Program, one of the 21st Century Frontier R&D Programs funded by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE).
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Properties of QDFT
1.1 Reversibility of QDFT
Proof
Substituting \(X_k^q\) in inverse QDFT in Eq. 17 with forward QDFT, we have
and several algebraic steps give
The summation \(\sum_{k=0}^{N-1} W_N^{(m-n)k}\) in Eq. 23 is zero for all values of m except for the case when m − n = pN, which results in N. It can therefore be replaced by an infinite sum of Kronecker delta functions with respect to p and Eq. 23 is reduced to
In Eq. 24, the summation has a non-zero value when p = 0 because the x n is defined as 0 outside [0, N − 1] and the non-zero value is x n . Hence the reversibility of QDFT is proved. □
1.2 Convolution Property of QDFT
Property Multiplication of two sequences in QDFT domain \(\mathbf{X}_k^q \mathbf{G}_k^q\) corresponds to \(\sum_{k=0}^n x_k g_{n-k} +j\sum_{k=n+1}^{N-1} x_k g_{n-k+N}\) in time domain.
Proof
The N-point QDFT based block convolution can be written as \(\frac{1}{N} \sum_{k=0}^{N-1}X_k^q G_k^q W_N^{-n(k+\frac{3}{4})}\) and several algebraic steps give
As in Eq. 25, the summation with the index k is zero for all values of m except for the case when l + m − n = pN(p ∈ ℤ), which results in N. It can therefore be replaced by an infinite sum of Kronecker delta functions with respect to p. We may also extend the limits of m to infinity, with the understanding that the x and g sequences are defined as 0 outside [0, N − 1]. Continuing with the derivation, we have
where g n − l + pN has non-zero values only if p = 0 or p = 1. Hence this can be rewritten as
and the convolution property of QDFT is proved. □
Appendix 2: Direct radix-2 and radix-4 Implementation of QDFT
QDFT can be implemented in a similar way to the conventional FFT. To generalize the discussion, we consider the N-point transform \(T_s^N\) as
where s means the amount of shift of frequency index. We can have DFT by s = 0, ODFT by s = 1/2 and QDFT by s = 3/4 from Eq. 27. Based on the definition of \(T_s^N\), applying Cooley–Tukey decomposition to \(T_s^N\) yields two shorter transforms of size N/2 and thus radix-2 structure as
where 0 ≤ k < N/2. That is, the N-point transform \(T_s^N\) is decomposed into two N/2-point transforms \(T_{s/2}^{N/2}\) and \(T_{(s+1)/2}^{N/2}\). The butterfly structure corresponding to Eq. 28 is shown in Fig. 2 where directed line means that the data is multiplied by − 1.
\(T_s^N\) can also be implemented by radix-4 structure where \(T_s^N\) is decomposed into four shorter transforms of size N/4 : \(T_{s/4}^{N/4}\),\(T_{s/4+1}^{N/4}\),\(T_{s/4+2}^{N/4}\) and \(T_{s/4+3}^{N/4}\) as in Eq. 29.
The butterfly structure of Eq. 29 is shown in Fig. 3 where directed line and dotted line mean that the data is multiplied by − 1 and j, respectively. The directed and dotted line, of course, means − j.
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Kuk, J.G., Kim, S. & Cho, N.I. A New Overlap Save Algorithm for Fast Block Convolution and Its Implementation Using FFT. J Sign Process Syst 63, 143–152 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-010-0466-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-010-0466-9