Abstract
The study and analysis of RFID (radio frequency identification) reader positioning is important for RFID large-scale deployment. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the art of RFID reader positioning in order to develop a highly accurate positioning and tracking system for usage inside a building and also to optimize the tracking performance that can be applied to different active and passive RFID standards. This study involves design of square grid RFID reader network and position calculation using diffusion algorithm. Square grid network presents the solution of placement pattern of RFID readers, hence optimal number of required readers and guaranteed coverage can be achieved. The proposed diffusion algorithm makes use of distance information between the reader and the tag to estimate the RFID tag position. This study has also introduced a probabilistic mathematical model to maintain coverage of the unit square region and to ensure connectivity of the proposed square grid network. The effectiveness of the diffusion algorithm is evaluated in this study and the obtained results show satisfactory performance. The obtained results show that the proposed positioning system can achieve average positioning error below 1 m with different RFID reading ranges and in some cases accuracy improvement of about 65% can be reached than the results obtained by known positioning system. It is also found that the proposed diffusion algorithm together with square grid can bring approximately 50–85% improvement on raw accuracy provided by only square grid method.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lahiri S. (2006) RFID sourcebook. IBM Press, Upper Saddle River, NJ
Leong, K. S., Ng, M. L., Grasso, A. R., & Cole, P. H. (2006). Synchronization of RFID readers for dense RFID reader environment. In Proceedings of the IEEE international symposium on applications and the internet workshops (pp. 48–51). Phoenix, Arizona.
Patil, A., Munson, J., Wood, D., & Cole, A. (2005). BlueBot: Asset tracking via robotic location crawling. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on pervasive services (pp. 117–126).
Zhou, S., Luo, Z., Wong, E., Tan, C. J., & Luo, J. (2007). Interconnected RFID reader collision model and its application in reader anti-collision. In IEEE international conference on RFID (pp. 212–219). Texas, USA.
Want, R., Hopper, A., Falcão V., & Gibbons, J. (1992). The active badge location system. ACM Transcation on Information Systems, 91–102.
Priyantha, N. B., Chakraborty, A., & Balakrishnan, H. (2000). The cricket location-support system. In Proceedings of the 6th annual conference on mobile computing and networking (MOBICOM) (pp. 32–43). Boston, MA.
Bahl, P., & Padmanabhan, V. N. (2000). RADAR: An in building RF-based user location and tracking system, In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer communications (INFOCOM) (Vol. 2, pp. 775–784). Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Ladd A. M., Bekris K. E., Rudys A., Marceau G., Kavraki L. E., Wallach D. S. (2005) Robotics-based location sensing using wireless ethernet. Journal of Wireless Networks 11: 189–204
Hightower, J., Want, R., & Borriello, G. (2000). SpotON: An indoor 3D location sensing technology based on RF signal strength. Technical Report UW CSE 2000-02-02, University of Washington.
Ni L. M., Liu Y., Lau Y. C., Patil A. P. (2004) LANDMARC: Indoor location sensing using active RFID. Journal of Wireless Networks 10(6): 701–710
Patil, A., Munson, J., Wood, D., & Cole, A. (2005). BlueBot: Asset tracking via robotic location crawling. Tech. Report RC23510, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY.
Shun-yuan Y., Chon-in W., Keng-hao C., Hao-hua C., Hsu J. Y. (2007) The GETA sandals: A footprint location tracking system. Journal of ACM Personal and Ubiquitous Computing (ACM PUC) 11(6): 451–463
Tan K. G., Wasif A. R., Tan C. P. (2008) Objects tracking utilizing square grid RFID reader network. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 22(1): 27–38
Reza A. W., Geok T. K. (2009) Objects tracking in a dense reader environment utilizing grids of RFID antenna positioning. International Journal of Electronics 96(12): 1281–1307
Reza A. W., Geok T. K. (2009) Investigation of indoor location sensing via RFID reader network utilizing grid covering algorithm. Journal of Wireless Personal Communications 49(1): 67–80
Wang, D., Wang, J., & Zhao, Y., (2006). A novel solution to the reader collision problem in RFID system. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on wireless communications: Networking and mobile computing montreal (pp. 1–4). Canada.
Engels, D. W., & Sarma, S. E. (2002). The reader collision problem. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on systems, man and cybernetics, (Vol. 3, pp. 6). Hammamet, Tunisia.
Cha, K., Ramachandran, A., & Jagannathan, S. (2006). Adaptive and probabilistic power control algorithms for dense RFID reader network. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on networking, sensing and control (pp. 474–479). Ft Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
Waldrop, J., Engels, D. W., & Sanna, S. E. (2003). Colorwave: A MAC for RFID reader networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC) (pp. 1701–1704). New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
Kim, D. Y., Jang, B. J., Yoon, H. G., Park, J. S., & Yook, J. G. (2007). Effects of reader interference on the RFID interrogation range. In Proceedings of the 37th European Microwave Conference (pp. 728–731). Munich, Germany.
Iyengar, R., Kar, K., & Banerjee, S. (2005). Low-coordination topologies for redundancy in sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 6th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing (pp. 332–342). Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
Guo, Y., & Qu, Z. (2004). Coverage control for a mobile robot patrolling a dynamic and uncertain environment. In Proceedings of world congress on intelligent control and automation (Vol. 6, pp. 4899–4903). Hangzhou, P. R. China.
Kershner R. (1939) The number of circles covering a set. American Journal of Mathematics 61: 665
Li L. W., Lim C. P., Leong M. S. (2001) Near field of electrically small thin square and rectangular loop antennas. Progress in Electromagnetics Research PIER 31: 181–193
Spratt M. (2003) An overview of positioning by diffusion. Journal of Wireless Networks 9: 565–574
Shakkottai S., Srikant R., Shroff N. (2003) Unreliable sensor grids: Coverage, connectivity and diameter. Proceedings of the twenty second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies 2: 1073–1083
Loy, M., & Sylla, I. (2005) ISM-band and short range device antennas, Application Rep. No. SWRA046A, Texas Instruments, Texas.
Leong, K. S., Ng, M. L., & Cole, P. H. (2006). Positioning analysis of multiple antennas in a dense RFID reader environment. In Proceedings of the IEEE international symposium on applications and the internet workshops (pp. 56–59). Phoenix, Arizona
Rappaport, T. S. (2002). Wireless Communications—Principles and practice (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.
Leong, K. S., Ng, M. L., & Cole, P. H. (2005). The reader collision problem in RFID systems, Auto-ID Laboratory, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, The University of Adelaide. Technical Report No. AUTOIDLABS-WP-HARDWARE-018.
Gupta, P., & Kumar, P. R. (1998). Critical power for asymptotic connectivity in wireless networks. In Stochastic analysis, control, optimization and applications (pp. 547–566). Boston.
Seidel S. Y., Rappaport T. S. (1992) 914 MHz path loss prediction models for indoor wireless communications in multifloored buildings. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 40: 207–217
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Reza, A.W., Geok, T.K. & Dimyati, K. Tracking via Square Grid of RFID Reader Positioning and Diffusion Algorithm. Wireless Pers Commun 61, 227–250 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-010-0021-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-010-0021-9