Abstract
Multipath routing is an efficient technique to route data in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because it can provide reliability, security and load balance, which are especially critical in the resource constrained system such as WSNs. In this paper we provide a survey of the state-of-the-art of proposed multipath routing protocols for WSNs, which are classified into three categories, infrastructure based, non-infrastructure based and coding based, based on the special techniques used in building multiple paths and delivering sensing data. For each category, we study the design of protocols, analyze the tradeoff of each design, and overview several representing protocols. In addition, we give a summery of design goals, challenges, and evaluation metrics for multipath routing protocols in resource constrained systems in general.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AI-Karaki J. N., Kamal A. E. (2004) Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: A survey. IEEE Wireless Communications 11(6): 6–28
Akkaya K., Younis M. (2004) A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks 3: 325–349
Almalkawi I. T., Zapata M. G., Al-Karaki J. N. (2011) A secure cluster-based multipath routing protocol for wmsns. Sensors 11(4): 4401–4424
Atakli, I. et al (2008). Malicious node detection in wireless sensor networks using weighted trust evaluation. In Proceedings of the 2008 spring simulation multiconference (pp. 836–843).
Baker, C. R., & Armijo (2007). Wireless sensor networks for home health care. In Proceedings of the 21st international conference on advanced information networking and applications workshops (Vol. 02, pp. 832–837).
Bokareva, T., Hu, W., Kanhere, S., Ristic, B., Bessell, T., Rutten, M., & Jha, S. (2006). Wireless sensor networks for battlefield surveillance. In Proceedings of the land warfare conference.
Chen, Y., Chan, E., & Han, S. (2005). Energy efficient multipath routing in large scale sensor networks with multiple sink nodes. Advanced Parallel Processing Technologies, 3756, 390–399.
Cherian M., GopalakrishnanNair T. R. (2011) Multipath routing with novel packet scheduling approach in wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering 3(5): 666–670
De, S., & Qiao, C. (2004). IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference
De S., Qiao C., Wu H. (2003) Meshed multipath routing with selective forwarding: An efficient strategy in sensor networks. Computer Networks 43: 481–497
Devisri, R., & Archana Devy, R. J. (2011). Reliable and power relaxation multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of international conference on advancement in information technology.
Du R., Ai C., Guo L., Chen J. (2010) A novel clustering topology control for reliable multi-hop routing in wireless sensor networks. Journal of Communications 5(9): 654–664
Dulman, S., Nieberg, T., Wu, J., & Havinga, P. (2003). Trade-off between traffic overhead and reliability in multipath routing for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of wireless communications and networking conference.
Eghbali, A. N., & Dehghan, M. (2007). Load-balancing using multi-path directed diffusion in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Mobile ad-hoc and sensor networks (pp. 44–55).
Fragouli C., Boudec J.-Y. L., Widmer O. (2006) Network coding: An instant primer. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 36: 63–68
Ganesan D., Govindan R., Shenker S., Estrin D. (2001) Highly-resilient, energy-efficient multipath routing in wireless sensor networks. SIGMOBILE Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev. 5: 11–25
Garcia-Hernandez C. F., Ibarguengoytia-Gonzalez P. H. et al (2007) Wireless sensor networks and application: A survey. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security 7: 264–273
Goudarzi H., Salavati A. H., Pakravan M. R. (2011) An ant-based rate allocation algorithm for media streaming in peer to peer networks: Extension to multiple sessions and dynamic networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 34(1): 327–340
Han, S., Zhong, Z., & Li, H. (2008). Coding-aware multi-path routing in multi-hop wireless networks. Proceedings of IPCCC’08.
Hefeeda, M., & Bagheri, M. (2007). Wireless sensor networks for early detection of forest fires. In Proceedings of MASS 2007.
Heikalabad, S. R., Rasouli, H., Nematy, F., & Rahmani, N. (2011). Qempar: Qos and energy aware multi-path routing algorithm for real-time applications in wireless sensor networks. CoRR, abs/1104.1031.
Hind, A., & Anjali, A. (2009). A survey on fault tolerant routing techniques in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2009 third international conference on sensor technologies and applications.
Hiskens, & Ian, A. (2010). What’s smart about the smart grid? In Proceedings of the 47th design automation conference (pp. 937–939).
Hollick, M., Martinovic, I., Krop, T., & Rimac, I. (2004). A survey on dependable routing in sensor networks, ad hoc networks, and cellular networks. In Proceedings of Euromicro conference.
Karlof, C., & Wagner, D. (2003). Secure routing in wireless sensor networks: Attacks and countermeasures. Proceedings of first IEEE international workshop on sensor network protocols and applications.
Kim, S., Fonseca, R., & Culler, D. (2004). Reliable transfer on wireless sensor networks. In Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (pp. 449–459).
Li, S., Lim, A., Kulkarni, S., & Liu, C. (2007). A routing algorithm for maximizing throughput and minimizing delay in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of MILCOM 2007.
Li, S., Neelisetti, R. K., & Liu, C. (2010). Efficient multi path protocol for wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networks, 2(1).
Lou, W. (2005). An efficient n-to-1 multipath routing protocol in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of mobile adhoc and sensor systems conference.
Lu Y. M., Wong V. W. S. (2007) An energy-efficient multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Communication Systems 20: 747–766
Moraru, L., Leone, P., Nikoletseas, S., & Rolim, J. (2008). Geographic routing with early obstacles detection and avoidance in dense wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 7th international conference on ad-hoc, mobile and wireless networks (pp. 148–161).
Morcos, H., Matta, I., & Bestavros, A. (2004). M2rc-multiplicative-increase/additive-decrease multipath routing control for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on embedded networked sensor systems (pp. 287–288).
Mueller S., Tsang R., Ghosal D. (2004) Multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks: Issues and challenges. In Performance Tools and Applications to Networked Systems 2965: 209–234
Pearlman, M. R., Haas, Z. J., Sholander, P., Tabrizi, S. S. (2000). On the impact of alternate path routing for load balancing in mobile ad hoc networks. First annual workshop on mobile and ad hoc networking and computing. MobiHOC 2000.
Pereira, P. R., Grilo, A., & Rocha, F. (2007). End-to-end reliability in wireless sensor networks: Survey and research challenges. Technical report, Technical University of Lisbon.
Pratheema S., Srinivasagan K. G., Naskath J. (2011) Minimizing end-to-end delay using multipath routing in wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Computer Applications 21(5): 20–26
Saleem, K., Fisal, N., & Hafizah, S. (2009). A self-optimized multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering (IJRTE), 2(1).
Sha K., Shi W. (2005) Modeling the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Sensor Letters 3(2): 126–135
Sha, K., & Shi, W. (2004). Revisiting the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems (pp. 299–300).
Sha, K., Shi, W., & Watkins, O. (2006). Using wireless sensor networks for fire rescue applications: Requirements and challenges. In Proceedings of international electro/information technology conference (pp. 239–244).
Shan-Shan L., Pei-Dong Z., Xiang-Ke L., Wei-Fang C., Shao-Liang P. (2006) Energy efficient multipath routing using network coding in wireless sensor networks. In Ad-Hoc, Mobile, and Wireless Networks 4104: 114–127
Sharma P., Tyagi D., Bhadana P. (2010) A study on prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor network by congestion avoidance techniques. International Journal of Engineering and Technology 2: 4844–4849
Singh, S. K., Singh, M. P., & Singh, D. K. (2010). Routing protocols in wireless sensor networks— A survey. International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Survey (IJCSES), 1(2).
Stavrou E., Pitsillides A. (2010) A survey on secure multipath routing protocols in wsns. Computer Networks 54(13): 2215–2238
Thanh, V. V., Chan, H. N., Viet, B. P., & Huu, T. N. (2009). A survey of routing using dhts over wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of The 6th international conference on information technology and applications (ICITA 2009).
Treplan, G., Tran-Thanh, L., & Levendovszky, J. (2010). Energy efficient reliable cooperative multipath routing in wireless sensor networks. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology.
Uchhula, V., & Bhatt, B. (2010). Comparison of different ant colony based routing algorithms. IJCA Special Issue on MANETs, pp. 97–101.
Vidhyapriya, R., & Dr. Vanathi, P. T. (2007). Energy efficient adaptive multipath routing for wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Computer Science (IAENG), 34(1).
Wang, X.-h., Che, C.-m., & Li, L. (2010). Reliable multi-path routing protocol in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies (pp. 289–294).
Wang, Y.-H., Mao, H.-J., Tsai, C.-H., & Chuang, C.-C. (2005). Hmrp: Hierarchy-based multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of EUC Workshops’05, (pp. 452–459).
Wang, Y., Jain, S., Martonosi, M., & Fall, K. (2005). Erasure-coding based routing for opportunistic networks. In Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking (pp. 229–236).
Wang, Z., Bulut, E., & Szymanski, B. K. (2009). Energy efficient collision aware multipath routing for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on communications.
Wolf W. (2009) Cyber-physical systems. Computer 42: 88–89
Wu, J., Dulman, S., Havinga, P., & Nieberg, T. (2004). Multipath routing with erasure coding for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings SAFE and ProRISC, pp. 181–188.
Xing, Y., Nie, N., & Comaniciu, C. (2004). Avoiding throughput bottlenecks for energy efficient joint power control and routing in ad hoc wireless networks. In Proceedings of the Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, March 2004.
Xiu-li, R., Hong-wei, L., & Yu, W. (2008). Multipath routing based on ant colony system in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of international conference on computer science and software engineering (pp. 202–205).
Xu, N., et al. (2004). A wireless sensor network for structural monitoring. In Proceedings of SENSYS 2004.
Yahya, B., & Ben-Othman, J. (2009). Reer:robust and energy efficient multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of global telecommunications conference.
Yang J., Xu M., Zhao W., Xu B. (2010) A multipath routing protocol based on clustering and ant colony optimization for wireless sensor networks. Sensors 10(5): 4521–4540
Yu, H., & Guo, M. (2010). An efficient freeway traffic information monitoring systems based on wireless sensor networks and floating vehicles. In Proceedings of the international conference on pervasive computing, signal processing and applications.
Yunfeng, C., & Nasser, N. (2006). Energy-balancing multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on quality of service in heterogeneous wired/wireless networks.
Zhan, A., Xu, T., Chen, G., Ye, B., & Lu, S. (2008). A survey on real-time routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of The 2nd China wireless sensor network conference.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sha, K., Gehlot, J. & Greve, R. Multipath Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey. Wireless Pers Commun 70, 807–829 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-012-0723-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-012-0723-2