Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Leader Based Group Routing in Disconnected Mobile Ad Hoc Networks with Group Mobility

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

When there is disconnection in mobile ad hoc network under group mobility, it falls into the delay-tolerant network (DTN). However, most existing research in DTN targets entity mobility. In this paper, we consider the routing strategy for DTN with group mobility, and propose the leader based group routing (LBGR) by making full use of group structure in group mobility. Three major mechanisms closely related to the group mobility are proposed in LBGR. First, we treat each group as one individual unit during routing execution to substantially reduce the routing overhead and the resource requirement. Second, we consider the resource allocation in each group and propose the leader-dominating routing in LBGR to reduce the impact of the group dynamics on network performance. Third, to make better use of the rare contact opportunities in DTN, we propose the group based packet exchange, in which the contact of any two nodes from two groups will trigger the packet exchange between the two groups. By extensive simulation we show that LBGR outperforms two traditional routing protocols, epidemic routing and DSR, in various network conditions. Especially, we will find that the impact of the group dynamics on LBGR is very limited.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Fall, K. (2003). A delay-tolerant network architecture for challenged Internets. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM (Vol. 33, pp. 27–34).

  2. Zhao, W., Ammar, M., & Zegura, E. (2005). Controlling the mobility of multiple data transport ferries in a delay-tolerant network. In Proceedings of IEEE Infocom (Vol. 2, pp. 1407–1418).

  3. Xian, Y., & Huang, C. (2010). Look-ahead routing and message scheduling in delay-tolerant networks. In Proceedings of IEEE 35th conference on local computer networks (pp. 40–47).

  4. Tariq, M. M. B., Ammar, M., & Zegura, E. (2006). Message ferry route design for sparse ad hoc networks with mobile nodes. In Proceedings of ACM MobiHoc (pp. 37–48).

  5. Vahdat, A., & Becker, D. (2000). Epidemic routing for partially-connected ad hoc networks. Technical report CS-2000-06, Duke University, US.

  6. Spyropoulos, T., Psounis, K., & Raghavendra, C. S. (2005). Spray and wait: An efficient routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM workshops on computer communications (pp. 252–259).

  7. Jin, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, S., & Shu, Y. (2010). Epidemic-based controlled flooding and adaptive multicast for delay tolerant networks. In Proceedings of IEEE symposium and workshops on ubiquitous, autonomic and trusted computing (pp. 191–194).

  8. Yuan, P., & Ma, H. (2012). Hug: Human gathering point based routing for opportunistic networks. In Proceedings of WCNC (pp. 3024–3029).

  9. Lindgren, A., Doria, A., & Scheln, O. (2004). Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected networks. In Proceedings of workshop on service assurance with partial and intermittent resources (pp. 239–254).

  10. Wang Y., Wu H. (2007) Delay/fault-tolerant mobile sensor network (DFT-MSN): A new paradigm for pervasive information gathering. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 6(9): 1021–1034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Chen, H., & Lou, W. (2011). On using contact expectation for routing in delay tolerant networks. In Proceedings of international conference on parallel processing (pp. 683–692).

  12. Wu, J., & Wang, Y. (2012). Social feature-based multi-path routing in delay tolerant networks. In Proceedings of Infocom (pp. 1368–1376).

  13. Bromage, M. K., Koshimoto, J. T., & Obraczka, K. (2009). TAROT: Trajectory-assisted routing for intermittently connected networks. In Proceedings of ACM workshop on challenged networks (pp. 9–17).

  14. Jain, S., Fall, K., & Patra, R. (2004). Routing in a delay tolerant network. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM (Vol. 34, pp. 145–157).

  15. Perkins, C., & Bhagwat, P. (1994). Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM, 24(4), 234–244.

  16. Johnson, D. B., Maltz, D. A., & Broch, J. (2001). DSR: The dynamic source routing protocol for multihop wireless ad hoc networks. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Longman Pub. Co. Inc.

  17. Hong, X., Gerla, M., Pei, G., & Chiang, C. (1999). A group mobility model for ad hoc wireless networks. In Proceedings of ACM international workshop on modeling and simulation of wireless and mobile systems.

  18. Musolesi, M., & Mascolo, C. (2006). A community based mobility model for ad hoc network research. In Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on multi-hop ad hoc networks: From theory to reality (pp. 31–38).

  19. Aschenbruck N., Gerhands-Padilla E., Martini P. (2008) A survey on mobility models for performance analysis in tactical mobile networks. Journal of Telecommunication and Information Technology 2: 54–61

    Google Scholar 

  20. Pei, G., Gerla, M., & Hong, X. (2000). LANMAR: Landmark routing for large scale wireless ad hoc networks with group mobility. In Proceedings of first annual workshop on mobile and ad hoc networking and computing (pp. 11–18).

  21. Zhong, Y., Xu, K., Hong, X., & Gerla, M. (2005). Hybrid landmark routing in ad hoc networks with heterogeneous group mobility. In Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on wireless communications systems (pp. 125–129).

  22. Liu, C., & Wu, J. (2009). Efficient adaptive routing in delay tolerant networks. In Proceedings of ICC (pp. 1–5).

  23. Thomas M., Phand S., Gupta A. (2009) Using group structure for efficient routing in delay tolerant networks. Ad Hoc Networks 7(2): 344–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Dang H., Wu H. (2010) Clustering and cluster-based routing protocol for delay-tolerant mobile networks. IEEE Transaction on Wireless Communications 9(6): 1874–1881

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  25. Whitbeck J., Conan V. (2010) HYMAD: Hybrid DTN-MANET routing for dense and highly dynamic wireless networks. Computer Communications 33(13): 1483–1492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhang, M., & Chong, P. H. J. (2009). Performance comparison of flat and cluster-based hierarchical ad hoc routing with entity and group mobility. In Proceedings of WCNC (pp. 1–6).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

    Ling Fu Xie, Peter H. J. Chong & Yong Liang Guan

Authors
  1. Ling Fu Xie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter H. J. Chong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yong Liang Guan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter H. J. Chong.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Xie, L.F., Chong, P.H.J. & Guan, Y.L. Leader Based Group Routing in Disconnected Mobile Ad Hoc Networks with Group Mobility. Wireless Pers Commun 71, 2003–2021 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-012-0920-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-012-0920-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation