Abstract
Nowadays, around 80 % of the mobile data traffic is generated indoors, and, therefore, in-building solutions are gaining interest among mobile operators, to improve user’s quality of experience and optimize the use of network resources. In this context, with IEEE 802.11 and 3G/HSPA femtocells competing as in-building solutions long term evolution has appeared to enable operators to meet growing data-rate demands, and it is expected to have a key role in future indoor deployments. In this paper, a complete analysis of the performance of in-building self-deployment LTE solutions is carried out, by means of system-level network simulations in multiple typical indoor scenarios. The variability of the performance due to aspects such as the arbitrary HeNB location, the penetration rate of the service, the neighboring effects of HeNB nodes, the frequency used and the interaction among LTE macrocells and femtocells are thoroughly studied and discussed. Besides that, mechanisms proposed in 3GPP Release 11 to mitigate performance degradation in high density HeNB deployments are presented and analyzed. With regard to these mechanisms, different configuration access modes control schemes to automatically select transmitted power and Intercell Interference Coordination Techniques (ICIC) have been considered, and their effect on the performance of HeNB in-building deployments have been assessed. The results obtained provide network designers and mobile operators with valuable information about the expected number of indoor users which can be served using HeNB networks and its variability under different network conditions. In addition to this, results presented are useful to define policies to select when mechanisms to mitigate performance degradation are required to be activated, depending on the type of deployment scenario, penetration rates, HeNB loads or operator prioritization requirements, and both select the ranges of the configurable parameters of these mechanisms, and HeNB default settings.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hatton, M., & Scott, M. (2010). Mobile broadband survey: Analysing consumer attitudes and usage. London: Masson.
IEEE Std 802.11e-2005. Amendment to IEEE Std 802.11-1999. Amendment 8: Medium Access Control (MAC) Quality of Service Enhancements.
3GPP. Generic Access to the A/Gb Interface, Stage 2. Release 6, Technical Specification 43.3 18 May 2006.
FMCA, Convergence Services over Wi–Fi GAN (UMA), FMCA Product Requirement Definitions. Release 2.0, 8 May 2006.
3GPP, Voice Call Continuity between CS and IMS Study. Release 7, Technical Specification 23.806, Dec 2005.
FMCA. Convergence Services using SIP over Wi–Fi. FMCA Product Requirement Definitions. Release 2.0, 8 May 2006.
Chandrasekhar, V., & Andrews, J. (2008). Femtocell networks: A survey. IEEE Communications Magazine, 46(9), 59–67.
Chan, C. C., & Hanly, S. V. (2001). Calculating the outage probability in a CDMA network with spatial poisson traffic. IEEE Transactions on Vehicle Technology, 50(1), 183–204.
Kishore, S., Greenstein, L. J., Poor, H. V., & Schwartz, S. C. (2003). Uplink user capacity in a CDMA macrocell with a hotspot microcell: Exact and approximate analyses. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2(2), 364–374.
Lagrange, X. (1997). Multitier cell design. IEEE Communications Magazine, 35(8), 60–64.
Wu, J.-S., Chung, J.-K., & Sze, M.-T. (1997). Analysis of uplink and downlink capacities for two-tier cellular system. IEEE Proceedings Communications, 144(6), 405–411.
Claussen, H. (2007). Performance of macro- and co-channel femtocells in a hierarchical cell structure. In Proceedings of the IEEE 18th Internat Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC ’07). Athens, Gr.
Claussen, H., Ho, L. T. W., & Samuel, L. G. (2008). An overview of the femtocell concept. Bell Labs Technical Journal, 13(1), 221–245.
Ho, L. T. W., & Claussen, H. (2007). Effects of user-deployed, co-channel femtocells on the call drop probability in a residential scenario. In Proceedings of the IEEE 18th Internat Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC ’07). Athens, Gr.
Chandrasekhar, V., & Andrews, J. G. (2007). Uplink capacity and interference avoidance for two-tier cellular networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunication Conference (GLOBECOM ’07) (pp. 3322–3326). Washington, DC
Claussen, H., Ho, L. T. W., & Samuel L. G. (2008). Self-optimization of coverage for femtocell deployments. In Proceedings of the Wireless Telecommunication Symposium (WTS ’08) (pp. 278–285). Pomona, CA.
Kang, S. B., Seo, Y. M., Lee, Y. K., Chowdhury, M. Z., Ko, W. S., Irlam, M. N., Choi, S. W., & Jang, Y. M. (2008). Soft QoS-based CAC scheme for WCDMA femtocell networks. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT ’08), vol. 1 ( pp. 409–412). Phoenix Park, Gangwon-Do, Kor.
Fernandez, A., Molina-Garcia, M., Alonso, I. Fixed mobile convergence handbook: Chapter 4: Fixed mobile convergence based on 3G femtocell deployments. CRC Press, Print, ISBN: 978-1-4200-9170-0. Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
Kumar, A., Sengupta, J., & Liu, Y-f. (2012). 3GPP LTE: The future of mobile broadband. Wireless Personal Communications, 62, 671–686.
Capozzi, F., Piro, G., Grieco, L., Boggia, G., & Camarda, P. (2012). On accurate simulations of LTE femtocells using an open source simulator. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 1, 328.
Bae, S. J., Kwon, Y. M., Lee, M.-Y., Koo, B. T., & Chung, M. (2012). Femtocell interference analysis based on the development of system-level LTE simulator. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 1, 287.
Letourneux, F., Corre, Y., Suteau, E., & Lostanlen, Y. (2012). 3D coverage analysis of LTE urban heterogeneous networks with dense femtocell deployments. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 1, 319.
Jo, H.-S., Xia, P., & Andrews, J. (2012). Open, closed, and shared access femtocells in the downlink. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 1, 363.
de la Roche, G., Lopez-Perez, D., & Zhang, J. (2010). Access control mechanisms for femtocells. IEEE Communications Magazine, 48(1), 33–39.
Han, Q., Ma, K., Liu, Z., & Guan, X. (2012). Power control based on maximum power adaptation in two-tier femtocell networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 70(1), 331–351.
Jo, H., Mun, C., Moon, J., & Yook, J. (2010). Self-optimized coverage coordination in femtocell networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 9(10), 2977–2982.
Kim, S. (2013). Femtocell network power control scheme based on the weighted voting game. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 1, 44.
Claussen, H., Ho, L., & Samuel, L. (2008). Self-optimization of coverage for femtocell deployments. In Proceedings of the Wireless Telecommunications, Symposium (pp. 278–285).
Bilios, D., Bouras, C., Kokkinos, V., Papazois, A., & Tseliou, G. (2013). Selecting the optimal fractional frequency reuse scheme in long term evolution networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 60(1), 83–104.
Bai, Y., & Chen, L. (2013). Hybrid spectrum arrangement and interference mitigation for coexistence between LTE macrocellular and femtocell networks. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 1, 56.
Bharucha, Z., Saul, A., Auer, G., & Haas, H. (2010). Dynamic resource partitioning for downlink femto-to-macro-cell interference avoidance. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 1, 143413.
Chowdhury, M., Jang, Y., & Haas, Z. (2011). Cost-effective frequency planning for capacity enhancement of femtocellular networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 60, 83–104.
Oh, C.-Y., Chung, M., Choo, H., & Lee, T.-J. (2013). Resource allocation with partitioning criterion for macro-femto overlay cellular networks with fractional frequency reuse. Wireless Personal Communications, 68, 417–432.
Pao, W.-C., Chen, Y.-F., & Chan, C.-Y. (2012). Power allocation schemes in OFDM-based femtocell networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 69(4), 1165–1182.
Wang, H., & Song, R. (2012). Distributed q-learning for interference mitigation in self-organised femtocell networks: Synchronous or asynchronous? Wireless Personal Communications, 71(4), 2491–2506.
Wang, S., Wang, J., Xu, J., Teng, Y., & Horneman, K. (2013). Fairness guaranteed cooperative resource allocation in femtocell networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 72(2), 957–973.
Molina-Garcia, M., Fernandez-Duran, A., Alonso, J. I. Fixed mobile convergence handbook: Chapter 6: Conversational quality and wireless network planning in fixed mobile convergence. CRC Press, Print ISBN: 978-1-4200-9170-0. Boca Raton, Florida (USA).
Molina-Garcia, M., Fernandez-Duran, A., Alonso, J. I. (2010). Morphological Sampling scheme for analysis and optimization of wireless indoor environments. IEEE on Communications Letters, 14(7), pp. 635–637, July 2010.
Molina-Garcia, M., Calle-Sanchez, J., Alonso, J. I., Fernandez-Duran, A. (2013). Enhanced in-building fingerprint positioning using femtocell networks. Bell Labs Technical Journal, 18(2), 195–211.
Motley, A., & Keenan, J. (Jan. 1990). Radio coverage in buildings. British Telecom Technology Journal, 8(1), 19–24.
Lott, M., Forkel, I. (2001). A multi-wall-and-floor model for indoor radio propagation. VTC 2001 Spring. IEEE VTS 53rd, vol. 1, pp. 464–468, 2001.
Kwok-Wai, C., Sau, J., & Murch, R. (Aug 1998). A new empirical model for indoor propagation prediction. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 47(3), 996–1001.
Wahl, R., & Wolfle, G. (2006). Combined urban and indoor network planning using the dominant path propagation model. Antennas and Propagation, 2006. EuCAP 2006, pp. 1–6, 6–10 Nov 2006.
Saez, F., Gutierrez, O., Gonzalez, I., Perez, J., & Catedra, M. F. (Nov 2000). Propagation model based on ray tracing for the design of personal communication systems in indoor environments. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 49(6), 2105–2112.
TR 101 112, “Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Selection procedures for the choice of radio transmission technologies of the UMTS”.
Kiyosti et al., P. IST-4-027756 WINNER II channel models, Winner 2 Final Report.
3GPP (2012). 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). FDD Home eNode B (HeNB) Radio Frequency (RF) requirements analysis (Release 11), 3GPP TR 36.921 v11.0.0.
Molina-Garcia, M., Calle-Sanchez, J., Fernandez Duran, A., & Alonso, J.I. (2012). Novel genetic algorithm for computer-aided optimization of multi-femtocell deployments. Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP), 2012 19th International Conference on, pp. 261,264, 11–13 April 2012.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation within the projects IPT-2011-1272-430000, IPT-2011-1034-37000 and TEC2011-28683.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Molina-Garcia, M., Calle-Sanchez, J., Fernandez-Duran, A. et al. Realistic Long Term Evolution Performance for Massive HeNB Residential Deployments. Wireless Pers Commun 75, 1411–1445 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-013-1431-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-013-1431-2